fledgling 2.0.0

data/LICENSE

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data/README

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+Fledgling
+
+Fledgling is a minimal Ruby testing library for testing better testing
+libraries. It doesn't depend on anything beyond the Ruby platform and doesn't
+modify the environment beyond its conventional namespace. The program that
+tests it is written in primitive Ruby, with no other testing library, so it can
+be verified straightforwardly.
+
+Here's an example of a test program that uses Fledgling:
+
+  require "fledgling"
+
+  exit Fledgling.call STDOUT,
+    lambda {
+      unless "Hello, World!" == ["He", "", "o, Wor", "d!"].join("l")
+        raise "join did not work as expected"
+      end
+    },
+    lambda {
+      unless "sample" == "simple".gsub(/i/, "a")
+        raise "gsub did not work as expected"
+      end
+    }
+
+Fledgling.call runs a sequence of tests and reports information about any that
+fail. It returns false if there were failures, true otherwise.
+
+Fledgling.call expects two things from a test object: that it executes the test
+when sent a call message and that it returns a description when sent a to_s
+message. (Procs work well as test objects because they execute when sent a call
+message and return a description string when sent a to_s message. The
+description string typically includes the file path and line number where the
+proc was defined.) A test can signal failure by raising a StandardError.
+
+Fledgling.call uses the output stream (its first parameter) like this: when it
+encounters a failure, Fledgling.call sends a puts message to the output stream
+with seven positional arguments: (1) "FAILED TEST:", (2) the test converted to
+a string, (3) "...ERROR:", (4) the exception's class converted to a string, (5)
+the exception converted to a string, (6) the exception's backtrace array or an
+empty array if it has no backtrace, and (7) an empty string. It ignores the
+object returned. If you, for example, ran Fledgling.call with the standard
+output stream (STDOUT or the initial value of $stdout) and a lambda that ran a
+failing test, the output would resemble this:
+
+  FAILED TEST:
+  #<Proc:0x0000000fe2e010@test.rb:4 (lambda)>
+  ...ERROR:
+  RuntimeError
+  join did not work as expected
+  test.rb:6:in `block in <main>'
+  [more backtrace lines]
+  [blank line]
+
+If a test raises a non-StandardError exception, Fledgling.call interprets it as
+a system-level event or fundamental problem: it immediately raises the
+exception and doesn't run any more tests.
+
+Fledgling's test program loads the Fledgling module if necessary, but does not
+significantly change the runtime environment beyond that. Your test program can
+set up the environment it wants to test (plus any test helpers) and execute
+Fledgling's test program (with Kernel#load, for example) to check if Fledgling
+works in that environment. If it detects a problem, it will raise an exception.
+Otherwise, your program can use Fledgling to run tests -- now with more
+evidence that it works as expected and with no significant changes to the
+runtime environment.

data/lib/fledgling.rb

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+##
+# This module provides a minimal testing library for testing better testing
+# libraries.
+
+module Fledgling
+
+  ##
+  # Runs tests, writes any failure information to the output stream, and
+  # returns a boolean indicating whether there were no failures.
+  #
+  # This method sends, in order, a call message with no arguments and no block
+  # to each object in tests. If sending a call message raises an exception
+  # whose class is neither StandardError nor a descendant of StandardError,
+  # this method immediately raises that exception. If sending a call message
+  # raises a StandardError, this method interprets it as a failure. It sends a
+  # puts message to ostream with no block and these arguments (positional, in
+  # order): a string "FAILED TEST:", the test converted to a string via to_s, a
+  # string "...ERROR:", the exception's class converted to a string via to_s,
+  # the exception converted to a string via to_s, the exception's backtrace or
+  # an empty array if the exception signals that it has no backtrace, and an
+  # empty string. It ignores the object returned by the output stream and
+  # continues running tests. If sending a call message does not result in a
+  # raised exception, this method interprets it as a successful test. It
+  # ignores the object returned by the test and continues running tests. After
+  # it has run all the tests and handled any failures, this method returns
+  # false if there were failures, true otherwise. This method immediately
+  # raises any exception raised outside of a test.
+
+  def self.call ostream, *tests
+    no_failures = true
+    tests.each do |tst|
+      begin
+        tst.call
+      rescue ::StandardError => e
+        no_failures = false
+        ostream.puts "FAILED TEST:", tst.to_s, "...ERROR:", e.class.to_s,
+          e.to_s, e.backtrace || [], ""
+      end
+      # Always return nil so that an each that's been modified to be sensitive
+      # to the block's return value can't behave differently based on the
+      # objects returned by the tests and the output stream.
+      nil
+    end
+    no_failures
+  end
+
+end

data/sig/fledgling.rbs

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+module Fledgling
+  interface _OutputStream
+    def puts: (::String, ::String, ::String, ::String, ::String,
+      ::Array[::String], ::String) -> void
+  end
+
+  interface _Test
+    def call: () -> void
+    def to_s: () -> ::String
+  end
+
+  def self.call: (_OutputStream, *_Test) -> bool
+end

data/test/fledgling_test.rb

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+# To abort and signal failure, this program raises an exception by running
+# 0::FAIL. Why not raise an exception in the usual way, by sending a raise
+# message? Because it's less reliable: the environment could be changed so that
+# that doesn't raise an exception. Other fundamental expectations could still
+# be subverted: #equal? could be redefined for all objects, error output could
+# be suppressed, and so forth. But since conditionals (such as if, unless, and
+# begin/rescue/else) and this raising idiom are reliable, the program can
+# always conditionally raise an exception based on what the environment reports
+# to it.
+
+# Sections that create local variables are in class definitions so that later
+# sections cannot accidentally reference those local variables.
+
+# Constant references in blocks are fully qualified because this program must
+# run correctly on a wide range of Ruby versions, including those in the 1.9.1
+# and 1.9.2 branches. Ruby 1.9.1 and 1.9.2 used constant-lookup rules in
+# certain situations that differed from those of earlier and later branches of
+# Ruby.
+
+# When this program supplies an exception to check how Fledgling handles it, it
+# gives the exception a frozen message string. This makes the exception behave
+# more consistently across Ruby versions.
+
+require "fledgling"
+
+# Fledgling should be a module.
+0::FAIL unless Module.equal? Fledgling.class
+
+# Fledgling should say it responds to call.
+0::FAIL unless Fledgling.respond_to? :call
+
+# Fledgling.call should raise an exception if called with no arguments.
+begin
+  Fledgling.call
+rescue ArgumentError
+else
+  0::FAIL
+end
+
+# If called with at least one argument, Fledgling.call should send one call
+# message with no arguments and no block to each test -- all but the first
+# argument -- assuming a previous test didn't raise a non-StandardError
+# exception. Fledgling.call should take an arbitrary number of tests, up to
+# some system limit.
+class ::Object
+  Fledgling.call Object.new
+
+  test1 = Object.new
+  test1.instance_variable_set :@calls1, []
+  # Using singleton methods implicitly checks that Fledgling.call isn't binding
+  # the method to a different object. Ruby raises an exception in such cases.
+  def test1.call &b
+    @calls1 << b
+  end
+  Fledgling.call Object.new, test1
+  0::FAIL unless [nil] == test1.instance_variable_get(:@calls1)
+
+  test1.instance_variable_set :@calls1, []
+  test2 = Object.new
+  test2.instance_variable_set :@calls2, []
+  def test2.call &b
+    @calls2 << b
+  end
+  # Check that Fledgling.call doesn't ignore repeated tests.
+  Fledgling.call Object.new, test1, test2, test1, test2
+  0::FAIL unless [nil, nil] == test1.instance_variable_get(:@calls1)
+  0::FAIL unless [nil, nil] == test2.instance_variable_get(:@calls2)
+end
+
+# Fledgling.call should call the tests in order.
+class ::Object
+  calls = []
+  Fledgling.call Object.new, lambda { calls << 1 }, lambda { calls << 2 },
+    lambda { calls << 3 }
+  0::FAIL unless [1, 2, 3] == calls
+end
+
+# If Fledgling.call calls a test that raises a non-StandardError exception, it
+# should raise that exception immediately: it should call no additional tests,
+# should not send any to_s messages to the test, and should not send any
+# additional puts messages to the output stream.
+class ::Object
+  ostream = Object.new
+  def ostream.puts(*)
+    0::FAIL
+  end
+  ex_class = Class.new Exception
+  calls = []
+  raising = lambda { ::Kernel.raise ex_class, "m".freeze }
+  def raising.to_s
+    0::FAIL
+  end
+  begin
+    Fledgling.call ostream, lambda { calls << 1 }, raising,
+      lambda { calls << 3 }
+  rescue ex_class
+  else
+    0::FAIL
+  end
+  0::FAIL unless [1] == calls
+end
+
+# Fledgling.call should send a puts message to the output stream for each
+# StandardError raised by the tests.
+class ::Object
+  ostream = Object.new
+  ostream.instance_variable_set :@count, 0
+  def ostream.puts(*)
+    @count += 1
+  end
+
+  Fledgling.call ostream
+  0::FAIL unless 0 == ostream.instance_variable_get(:@count)
+
+  Fledgling.call ostream, lambda {}, lambda {}
+  0::FAIL unless 0 == ostream.instance_variable_get(:@count)
+
+  Fledgling.call ostream, lambda { ::Kernel.raise ::RuntimeError, "m".freeze },
+    lambda {}, lambda { ::Kernel.raise ::StandardError, "m".freeze }
+  0::FAIL unless 2 == ostream.instance_variable_get(:@count)
+end
+
+# Fledgling.call should send a test description (obtained by sending to_s to
+# the test), error details, and cosmetic strings to the output stream as puts
+# arguments when a test raises a StandardError.
+class ::Object
+  # A test shouldn't receive a to_s message if it didn't raise a StandardError.
+  tst = lambda {}
+  def tst.to_s
+    0::FAIL
+  end
+  0::FAIL unless true.equal? Fledgling.call(Object.new, tst, tst)
+
+  # Freeze some objects to test if the method naively attempts to mutate them.
+  ex_class = Class.new StandardError
+  ex_class.instance_variable_set :@str, ex_class_name = "TestError".freeze
+  def ex_class.to_s
+    @str
+  end
+
+  ex_nil_bt = ex_class.new "m".freeze
+  ex_nil_bt.instance_variable_set :@str, ex_nil_bt_s = "a".freeze
+  def ex_nil_bt.to_s
+    @str
+  end
+  def ex_nil_bt.message
+    # We'll verify that a to_s message is sent, not a message message.
+    "?!" + @str
+  end
+  def ex_nil_bt.backtrace
+    nil
+  end
+
+  ex_nonnil_bt = ex_class.new "m".freeze
+  ex_nonnil_bt.instance_variable_set :@str, ex_nonnil_bt_s = "b".freeze
+  def ex_nonnil_bt.to_s
+    @str
+  end
+  def ex_nonnil_bt.message
+    # We'll verify that a to_s message is sent, not a message message.
+    "?!" + @str
+  end
+  ex_nonnil_bt.instance_variable_set :@backtrace,
+    backtrace_b = ["X".freeze, "Y".freeze].freeze
+  def ex_nonnil_bt.backtrace
+    @backtrace
+  end
+
+  ostream = Object.new
+  ostream.instance_variable_set :@calls, []
+  # Using singleton methods implicitly checks that Fledgling.call isn't binding
+  # the method to a different object. Ruby raises an exception in such cases.
+  def ostream.puts *args, &b
+    @calls << [args, b]
+  end
+  a = lambda { ::Kernel.raise ex_nil_bt }
+  a.instance_variable_set :@str, a_s = "A".freeze
+  def a.to_s
+    @str
+  end
+  b = lambda { ::Kernel.raise ex_nonnil_bt }
+  b.instance_variable_set :@str, b_s = "B".freeze
+  def b.to_s
+    @str
+  end
+  Fledgling.call ostream, a, lambda {}, b
+
+  calls = ostream.instance_variable_get :@calls
+  0::FAIL unless 2 == calls.length
+
+  0::FAIL unless 7 == calls[0][0].length
+  0::FAIL unless "FAILED TEST:" == calls[0][0][0]
+  0::FAIL unless a_s.equal? calls[0][0][1]
+  0::FAIL unless "...ERROR:" == calls[0][0][2]
+  0::FAIL unless ex_class_name.equal? calls[0][0][3]
+  0::FAIL unless ex_nil_bt_s.equal? calls[0][0][4]
+  0::FAIL unless [] == calls[0][0][5]
+  0::FAIL unless "" == calls[0][0][6]
+  0::FAIL unless nil.equal? calls[0][1]
+
+  0::FAIL unless 7 == calls[1][0].length
+  0::FAIL unless "FAILED TEST:" == calls[1][0][0]
+  0::FAIL unless b_s.equal? calls[1][0][1]
+  0::FAIL unless "...ERROR:" == calls[1][0][2]
+  0::FAIL unless ex_class_name.equal? calls[1][0][3]
+  0::FAIL unless ex_nonnil_bt_s.equal? calls[1][0][4]
+  0::FAIL unless backtrace_b.equal? calls[1][0][5]
+  0::FAIL unless "" == calls[1][0][6]
+  0::FAIL unless nil.equal? calls[1][1]
+end
+
+# Fledgling.call should return false if it returns at all and any of the tests
+# raised a StandardError. It should ignore the return values when sending puts
+# messages to the output stream and when sending call messages to the tests.
+class ::Object
+  ostream1 = Object.new
+  def ostream1.puts(*)
+    "string"
+  end
+  ostream2 = Object.new
+  def ostream2.puts(*)
+    nil
+  end
+  ret = Fledgling.call ostream1, lambda { ::Kernel.raise ::StandardError,
+    "m".freeze }, lambda { "string" }
+  0::FAIL unless false.equal? ret
+  ret = Fledgling.call ostream2, lambda { ::Kernel.raise ::StandardError,
+    "m".freeze }, lambda { nil }
+  0::FAIL unless false.equal? ret
+end
+
+# Fledgling.call should return true if it returns at all and none of the tests
+# raised a StandardError. It should ignore the return values when sending call
+# messages to the tests.
+class ::Object
+  0::FAIL unless true.equal? Fledgling.call(Object.new)
+  ret = Fledgling.call Object.new, lambda { "string" }, lambda { nil }
+  0::FAIL unless true.equal? ret
+end
+
+# When sending a puts message to the output stream raises an exception,
+# Fledgling.call should immediately raise that exception.
+class ::Object
+  ostream = Object.new
+  ostream.instance_variable_set :@ex, ex = StandardError.new("m".freeze)
+  def ostream.puts(*)
+    ::Kernel.raise @ex
+  end
+  calls = []
+  begin
+    Fledgling.call ostream, lambda { ::Kernel.raise ::StandardError, "m".freeze
+      }, lambda { calls << nil }
+  rescue StandardError => rescued
+    0::FAIL unless ex.equal? rescued
+  else
+    0::FAIL
+  end
+  0::FAIL unless [] == calls
+end
+
+# When the output stream doesn't respond to puts and a test raises a
+# StandardError, Fledgling.call should immediately raise an exception when
+# sending a puts message.
+class ::Object
+  calls = []
+  begin
+    Fledgling.call Object.new, lambda { ::Kernel.raise ::StandardError,
+      "m".freeze }, lambda { calls << nil }
+  rescue NoMethodError
+  else
+    0::FAIL
+  end
+  0::FAIL unless [] == calls
+end
+
+# When a test does not respond to call, Fledgling.call should treat it as a
+# test failure.
+class ::Object
+  ostream = Object.new
+  ostream.instance_variable_set :@error_strings, []
+  def ostream.puts *args
+    @error_strings << args.fetch(3)
+  end
+  Fledgling.call ostream, Object.new, Object.new
+  error_strings = ostream.instance_variable_get :@error_strings
+  0::FAIL unless 2 == error_strings.length
+  0::FAIL unless "NoMethodError" == error_strings.fetch(0)
+  0::FAIL unless "NoMethodError" == error_strings.fetch(1)
+end
+
+# When a test raises a StandardError that raises an exception when queried,
+# Fledgling.call should immediately raise the exception triggered by the query.
+#
+# It's impractical to portably test an exception that raises when it receives a
+# backtrace message. An exception that raises when it receives a to_s message
+# stands in for this entire class of situations.
+class ::Object
+  call_ex = StandardError.new "m".freeze
+  call_ex.instance_variable_set :@to_s_ex,
+    to_s_ex = StandardError.new("m".freeze)
+  def call_ex.to_s
+    ::Kernel.raise @to_s_ex
+  end
+  calls = []
+  begin
+    Fledgling.call Object.new, lambda { ::Kernel.raise call_ex },
+      lambda { calls << nil }
+  rescue StandardError => rescued
+    0::FAIL unless to_s_ex.equal? rescued
+  else
+    0::FAIL
+  end
+  0::FAIL unless [] == calls
+end
+
+# When a test raises a StandardError when called and also raises an exception
+# when converting to a string, Fledgling.call should immediately raise the
+# exception triggered by the attempted conversion to a string.
+class ::Object
+  call_ex = StandardError.new "m".freeze
+  tst = lambda { ::Kernel.raise call_ex }
+  tst.instance_variable_set :@to_s_ex, to_s_ex = StandardError.new("m".freeze)
+  def tst.to_s
+    ::Kernel.raise @to_s_ex
+  end
+  calls = []
+  begin
+    Fledgling.call Object.new, tst, lambda { calls << nil }
+  rescue StandardError => rescued
+    0::FAIL unless to_s_ex.equal? rescued
+  else
+    0::FAIL
+  end
+  0::FAIL unless [] == calls
+end
+
+# Fledgling.call should not attempt to mutate the output stream or tests.
+class ::Object
+  ostream = Object.new
+  def ostream.puts(*)
+  end
+  ostream.freeze
+  0::FAIL unless true.equal? Fledgling.call(ostream, lambda {}.freeze)
+  0::FAIL unless false.equal?(
+    Fledgling.call(ostream, lambda { ::Kernel.raise ::StandardError, "m".freeze
+    }.freeze))
+end

metadata

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+--- !ruby/object:Gem::Specification 
+name: fledgling
+version: !ruby/object:Gem::Version 
+  version: 2.0.0
+platform: ruby
+authors: 
+- Aaron Beckerman
+autorequire: 
+bindir: bin
+cert_chain: []
+
+date: 2026-06-12 00:00:00 -07:00
+default_executable: 
+dependencies: []
+
+description: 
+email: 
+executables: []
+
+extensions: []
+
+extra_rdoc_files: []
+
+files: 
+- LICENSE
+- README
+- lib/fledgling.rb
+- sig/fledgling.rbs
+- test/fledgling_test.rb
+has_rdoc: true
+homepage: 
+licenses: 
+- Apache-2.0
+post_install_message: 
+rdoc_options: []
+
+require_paths: 
+- lib
+required_ruby_version: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement 
+  requirements: 
+  - - ">="
+    - !ruby/object:Gem::Version 
+      version: 1.8.7
+required_rubygems_version: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement 
+  requirements: 
+  - - ">="
+    - !ruby/object:Gem::Version 
+      version: "0"
+requirements: []
+
+rubyforge_project: 
+rubygems_version: 1.6.2
+signing_key: 
+specification_version: 3
+summary: A minimal testing library for testing better testing libraries
+test_files: []
+