figurate_numbers 1.5.3 → 1.6.0

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data/README.md

@@ -10,10 +10,11 @@ It implements **241 infinite number sequences** inspired by the groundbreaking w
     <img src="https://img.shields.io/github/license/edelveart/figurate_numbers" alt="GitHub License">
 </p>
 
-[![figurate numbers image](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/edelveart/figurate_numbers/main/figurate_numbers.png)](https://rubygems.org/gems/figurate_numbers)
-
+<p align="center">
+ <img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/edelveart/figurate_numbers/main/figurate_numbers.png" alt="Figurate Numbers Image" width="400">
+</p>
 
-## 💎 Installation
+## Installation
 
 Install it from the gem repository:
 
@@ -21,20 +22,21 @@ Install it from the gem repository:
 gem install figurate_numbers
 ```
 
-## 🧊 Features
+## Features
 
 Figurate Numbers implements 241 infinite sequences using the Enumerator class in Ruby, each categorized by its geometric dimension. It is ideal for use in mathematical modeling, algorithmic composition, and integration with tools like Sonic Pi.
 
 The sequences are organized following the structure of the *Figurate Numbers* book:
 
--  🟦 **PlaneFigurateNumbers**: 79 sequences (2D)
--  🟥 **SpaceFigurateNumbers**: 86 sequences (3D)
--  🟨 **MultiDimensionalFigurateNumbers**: 70 sequences (4D and beyond)
--  🧬 **Zoo of figurate-related numbers**: 6 additional sequences *(included in the MultiDimensional module)*
--  ⚙️ **ArithTransform**:  p-adic transformations and other arithmetic operations
+-  **PlaneFigurateNumbers**: 79 sequences (2D)
+-  **SpaceFigurateNumbers**: 86 sequences (3D)
+-  **MultiDimensionalFigurateNumbers**: 70 sequences (4D and beyond)
+-  **Zoo of figurate-related numbers**: 6 additional sequences *(included in the MultiDimensional module)*
+-  **ArithTransform**:  p-adic transformations and other arithmetic operations
 
+> See detailed list of sequences below
 
-##  🧰 How to use in Ruby
+##  How to use in Ruby
 
 ### Version 1.5.0
 
@@ -59,9 +61,8 @@ MultiDimensionalFigurateNumbers.six_dimensional_hyperoctahedron
 seq = MultiDimensionalFigurateNumbers.five_dimensional_hypercube.take(15)
 ArithTransform.ring_padic_val(seq, 3)
 ```
-> 📚 Explore the detailed list of figurate numbers and arithmetic transformations [here 🔍.](https://github.com/edelveart/figurate_numbers/blob/main/docs/METHODS.md)
 
-## 🎶 How to use in Sonic Pi
+##  How to use in Sonic Pi
 
 Simply copy the entry point path from the `lib/figurate_numbers.rb` file where the *gem* is installed.
 
@@ -87,14 +88,341 @@ The main change introduced after version **1.3.0** is that you must now import t
 
 See discussion in the [**Sonic Pi community thread right here!**](https://in-thread.sonic-pi.net/t/figurate-numbers-for-sonic-pi-new-ruby-gem-for-infinite-number-sequences-and-patterns/8962)
 
-## 📚 List of Sequences in `figurate_numbers` and Arithmetic Transformations Methods
-
-Explore the complete list of figurate number sequences:
-
-- [View all implemented methods and sequences 🔍](https://github.com/edelveart/figurate_numbers/blob/main/docs/METHODS.md)
-
-## 📝 Book Errata
-
-Corrections to formulas and data found in *Figurate Numbers* (2012):
-
-- [See full list of known errata 🔍](https://github.com/edelveart/figurate_numbers/blob/main/docs/ERRATA.md)
+## List of Sequences and Arithmetic Transformations Methods
+
+### 1. Plane Figurate Numbers
+
+1. `polygonal(m)`
+2. `triangular`
+3. `square`
+4. `pentagonal`
+5. `hexagonal`
+6. `heptagonal`
+7. `octagonal`
+8. `nonagonal`
+9. `decagonal`
+10. `hendecagonal`
+11. `dodecagonal`
+12. `tridecagonal`
+13. `tetradecagonal`
+14. `pentadecagonal`
+15. `hexadecagonal`
+16. `heptadecagonal`
+17. `octadecagonal`
+18. `nonadecagonal`
+19. `icosagonal`
+20. `icosihenagonal`
+21. `icosidigonal`
+22. `icositrigonal`
+23. `icositetragonal`
+24. `icosipentagonal`
+25. `icosihexagonal`
+26. `icosiheptagonal`
+27. `icosioctagonal`
+28. `icosinonagonal`
+29. `triacontagonal`
+30. `centered_triangular`
+31. `centered_square` = `diamond` (equality only by quantity)
+32. `centered_pentagonal`
+33. `centered_hexagonal`
+34. `centered_heptagonal`
+35. `centered_octagonal`
+36. `centered_nonagonal`
+37. `centered_decagonal`
+38. `centered_hendecagonal`
+39. `centered_dodecagonal` = `star` (equality only by quantity)
+40. `centered_tridecagonal`
+41. `centered_tetradecagonal`
+42. `centered_pentadecagonal`
+43. `centered_hexadecagonal`
+44. `centered_heptadecagonal`
+45. `centered_octadecagonal`
+46. `centered_nonadecagonal`
+47. `centered_icosagonal`
+48. `centered_icosihenagonal`
+49. `centered_icosidigonal`
+50. `centered_icositrigonal`
+51. `centered_icositetragonal`
+52. `centered_icosipentagonal`
+53. `centered_icosihexagonal`
+54. `centered_icosiheptagonal`
+55. `centered_icosioctagonal`
+56. `centered_icosinonagonal`
+57. `centered_triacontagonal`
+58. `centered_mgonal(m)`
+59. `pronic` = `heteromecic` = `oblong`
+60. `polite`
+61. `impolite`
+62. `cross`
+63. `aztec_diamond`
+64. `polygram(m)` = `centered_star_polygonal(m)`
+65. `pentagram`
+66. `gnomonic`
+67. `truncated_triangular`
+68. `truncated_square`
+69. `truncated_pronic`
+70. `truncated_centered_pol(m)` = `truncated_centered_mgonal(m)`
+71. `truncated_centered_triangular`
+72. `truncated_centered_square`
+73. `truncated_centered_pentagonal`
+74. `truncated_centered_hexagonal` = `truncated_hex`
+75. `generalized_mgonal(m, left_index = 0)`
+76. `generalized_pentagonal(left_index = 0)`
+77. `generalized_hexagonal(left_index = 0)`
+78. `generalized_centered_pol(m, left_index = 0)`
+79. `generalized_pronic(left_index = 0)`
+
+### 2. Space Figurate Numbers
+
+1. `r_pyramidal(r)`
+2. `triangular_pyramidal = tetrahedral`
+3. `square_pyramidal = pyramidal`
+4. `pentagonal_pyramidal`
+5. `hexagonal_pyramidal`
+6. `heptagonal_pyramidal`
+7. `octagonal_pyramidal`
+8. `nonagonal_pyramidal`
+9. `decagonal_pyramidal`
+10. `hendecagonal_pyramidal`
+11. `dodecagonal_pyramidal`
+12. `tridecagonal_pyramidal`
+13. `tetradecagonal_pyramidal`
+14. `pentadecagonal_pyramidal`
+15. `hexadecagonal_pyramidal`
+16. `heptadecagonal_pyramidal`
+17. `octadecagonal_pyramidal`
+18. `nonadecagonal_pyramidal`
+19. `icosagonal_pyramidal`
+20. `icosihenagonal_pyramidal`
+21. `icosidigonal_pyramidal`
+22. `icositrigonal_pyramidal`
+23. `icositetragonal_pyramidal`
+24. `icosipentagonal_pyramidal`
+25. `icosihexagonal_pyramidal`
+26. `icosiheptagonal_pyramidal`
+27. `icosioctagonal_pyramidal`
+28. `icosinonagonal_pyramidal`
+29. `triacontagonal_pyramidal`
+30. `triangular_tetrahedral [finite]`
+31. `triangular_square_pyramidal [finite]`
+32. `square_tetrahedral [finite]`
+33. `square_square_pyramidal [finite]`
+34. `tetrahedral_square_pyramidal_number [finite]`
+35. `cubic = perfect_cube != hex_pyramidal (equality only by quantity)`
+36. `tetrahedral`
+37. `octahedral`
+38. `dodecahedral`
+39. `icosahedral`
+40. `truncated_tetrahedral`
+41. `truncated_cubic`
+42. `truncated_octahedral`
+43. `stella_octangula`
+44. `centered_cube`
+45. `rhombic_dodecahedral`
+46. `hauy_rhombic_dodecahedral`
+47. `centered_tetrahedron = centered_tetrahedral`
+48. `centered_square_pyramid = centered_pyramid`
+49. `centered_mgonal_pyramid(m)`
+50. `centered_pentagonal_pyramid != centered_octahedron (equality only in quantity)`
+51. `centered_hexagonal_pyramid`
+52. `centered_heptagonal_pyramid`
+53. `centered_octagonal_pyramid`
+54. `centered_octahedron`
+55. `centered_icosahedron = centered_cuboctahedron`
+56. `centered_dodecahedron`
+57. `centered_truncated_tetrahedron`
+58. `centered_truncated_cube`
+59. `centered_truncated_octahedron`
+60. `centered_mgonal_pyramidal(m)`
+61. `centered_triangular_pyramidal`
+62. `centered_square_pyramidal`
+63. `centered_pentagonal_pyramidal`
+64. `centered_hexagonal_pyramidal = hex_pyramidal`
+65. `centered_heptagonal_pyramidal`
+66. `centered_octagonal_pyramidal`
+67. `centered_nonagonal_pyramidal`
+68. `centered_decagonal_pyramidal`
+69. `centered_hendecagonal_pyramidal`
+70. `centered_dodecagonal_pyramidal`
+71. `hexagonal_prism`
+72. `mgonal_prism(m)`
+73. `generalized_mgonal_pyramidal(m, left_index = 0)`
+74. `generalized_pentagonal_pyramidal(left_index = 0)`
+75. `generalized_hexagonal_pyramidal(left_index = 0)`
+76. `generalized_cubic(left_index = 0)`
+77. `generalized_octahedral(left_index = 0)`
+78. `generalized_icosahedral(left_index = 0)`
+79. `generalized_dodecahedral(left_index = 0)`
+80. `generalized_centered_cube(left_index = 0)`
+81. `generalized_centered_tetrahedron(left_index = 0)`
+82. `generalized_centered_square_pyramid(left_index = 0)`
+83. `generalized_rhombic_dodecahedral(left_index = 0)`
+84. `generalized_centered_mgonal_pyramidal(m, left_index = 0)`
+85. `generalized_mgonal_prism(m, left_index = 0)`
+86. `generalized_hexagonal_prism(left_index = 0)`
+
+### 3. Multidimensional figurate numbers
+
+1. `pentatope = hypertetrahedral = triangulotriangular`
+2. `k_dimensional_hypertetrahedron(k) = k_hypertetrahedron(k) = regular_k_polytopic(k) = figurate_numbers_of_order_k(k)`
+3. `five_dimensional_hypertetrahedron`
+4. `six_dimensional_hypertetrahedron`
+5. `biquadratic`
+6. `k_dimensional_hypercube(k) = k_hypercube(k)`
+7. `five_dimensional_hypercube`
+8. `six_dimensional_hypercube`
+9. `hyperoctahedral = hexadecachoron = four_cross_polytope = four_orthoplex`
+10. `hypericosahedral = tetraplex = polytetrahedron = hexacosichoron`
+11. `hyperdodecahedral = hecatonicosachoron = dodecaplex = polydodecahedron`
+12. `polyoctahedral = icositetrachoron = octaplex = hyperdiamond`
+13. `four_dimensional_hyperoctahedron`
+14. `five_dimensional_hyperoctahedron`
+15. `six_dimensional_hyperoctahedron`
+16. `seven_dimensional_hyperoctahedron`
+17. `eight_dimensional_hyperoctahedron`
+18. `nine_dimensional_hyperoctahedron`
+19. `ten_dimensional_hyperoctahedron`
+20. `k_dimensional_hyperoctahedron(k) = k_cross_polytope(k)`
+21. `four_dimensional_mgonal_pyramidal(m) = mgonal_pyramidal_numbers_of_the_second_order(m)`
+22. `four_dimensional_square_pyramidal`
+23. `four_dimensional_pentagonal_pyramidal`
+24. `four_dimensional_hexagonal_pyramidal`
+25. `four_dimensional_heptagonal_pyramidal`
+26. `four_dimensional_octagonal_pyramidal`
+27. `four_dimensional_nonagonal_pyramidal`
+28. `four_dimensional_decagonal_pyramidal`
+29. `four_dimensional_hendecagonal_pyramidal`
+30. `four_dimensional_dodecagonal_pyramidal`
+31. `k_dimensional_mgonal_pyramidal(k, m) = mgonal_pyramidal_of_the_k_2_th_order(k, m)`
+32. `five_dimensional_mgonal_pyramidal(m)`
+33. `five_dimensional_square_pyramidal`
+34. `five_dimensional_pentagonal_pyramidal`
+35. `five_dimensional_hexagonal_pyramidal`
+36. `five_dimensional_heptagonal_pyramidal`
+37. `five_dimensional_octagonal_pyramidal`
+38. `six_dimensional_mgonal_pyramidal(m)`
+39. `six_dimensional_square_pyramidal`
+40. `six_dimensional_pentagonal_pyramidal`
+41. `six_dimensional_hexagonal_pyramidal`
+42. `six_dimensional_heptagonal_pyramidal`
+43. `six_dimensional_octagonal_pyramidal`
+44. `centered_biquadratic`
+45. `k_dimensional_centered_hypercube(k)`
+46. `five_dimensional_centered_hypercube`
+47. `six_dimensional_centered_hypercube`
+48. `centered_polytope`
+49. `k_dimensional_centered_hypertetrahedron(k)`
+50. `five_dimensional_centered_hypertetrahedron(k)`
+51. `six_dimensional_centered_hypertetrahedron(k)`
+52. `centered_hyperoctahedral = orthoplex`
+53. `nexus(k)`
+54. `k_dimensional_centered_hyperoctahedron(k)`
+55. `five_dimensional_centered_hyperoctahedron`
+56. `six_dimensional_centered_hyperoctahedron`
+57. `generalized_pentatope(left_index = 0)`
+58. `generalized_k_dimensional_hypertetrahedron(k = 5, left_index = 0)`
+59. `generalized_biquadratic(left_index = 0)`
+60. `generalized_k_dimensional_hypercube(k = 5, left_index = 0)`
+61. `generalized_hyperoctahedral(left_index = 0)`
+62. `generalized_k_dimensional_hyperoctahedron(k = 5, left_index = 0) [even or odd dimension only changes sign]`
+63. `generalized_hyperdodecahedral(left_index = 0)`
+64. `generalized_hypericosahedral(left_index = 0)`
+65. `generalized_polyoctahedral(left_index = 0)`
+66. `generalized_k_dimensional_mgonal_pyramidal(k, m, left_index = 0)`
+67. `generalized_k_dimensional_centered_hypercube(k, left_index = 0)`
+68. `generalized_k_dimensional_centered_hypertetrahedron(k, left_index = 0)[provisional symmetry]`
+69. `generalized_k_dimensional_centered_hyperoctahedron(k, left_index = 0)[provisional symmetry]`
+70. `generalized_nexus(k, left_index = 0) [even or odd dimension only changes sign]`
+
+### 4. Zoo of figurate-related numbers
+
+1. `cuban = cuban_prime`
+2. `quartan [Needs to improve the algorithmic complexity for n > 70]`
+3. `pell`
+4. `carmichael [Needs to improve the algorithmic complexity for n > 20]`
+4. `stern_prime(infty = false) [Quick calculations up to 8 terms]`
+5. `apocalyptic`
+
+### 5. Arithmetic Transformations
+
+1. `ArithTransform.padic_val(n, p)`
+2. `ArithTransform.ring_padic_val(seq, p)`
+3. `ArithTransform.padic_norm(n, p)`
+4. `ArithTransform.ring_padic_norm(seq, p)`
+5. `ArithTransform.padic_expansion(n, p, precision = 11, reverse: false)`
+6. `ArithTransform.ring_padic_expansion(seq, p, precision = 11, reverse: false)`
+7. `ArithTransform.figuratenomial(n, k, seq)`
+8. `ArithTransform.n_residue(n, pow, mod)`
+9. `ArithTransform.pc_inversion(n, mod)`
+
+## Book Errata
+
+- **Chapter 1, page 6:**
+  The formula for *Square* in the table is given as:
+  `1/2 (n^2 - 0 * n)`
+  It should be corrected to:
+  `1/2 (2n^2 - 0 * n)`
+
+- **Chapter 1, page 51:**
+  The formula for *Centered icosihexagonal* numbers is listed as:
+  `1/3n^2 - 13n + 1`
+  with values `546, 728, 936, 1170`.
+  The correct formula and values are:
+  `13n^2 - 13n + 1`
+  with values `547, 729, 937, 1171`.
+
+- **Chapter 1, page 51:**
+  The value for *Centered icosiheptagonal* number is given as `972`.
+  The correct value is `973`.
+
+- **Chapter 1, page 51:**
+  The value for *Centered icosioctagonal* number is given as `84`.
+  The correct value is `85`.
+
+- **Chapter 1, page 65:**
+  The term *polite numbers* is misspelled as:
+  `inpolite numbers`
+  It should read:
+  `impolite numbers`
+
+- **Chapter 1, page 72:**
+  The formula for truncated centered pentagonal numbers (TCSS_5) is:
+  `TCSS_5(n) = (35n^2 - 55n) / 2 + 3`
+  It should be:
+  `TCSS_5(n) = (35n^2 - 55n) / 2 + 11`
+
+- **Chapter 2, page 92:**
+  The formula for octagonal pyramidal numbers is stated as:
+  `n(n+1)(6n-1) / 6`
+  The correct formula is:
+  `n(n+1)(6n-3) / 6`
+
+- **Chapter 2, page 140:**
+  The sequence for centered square pyramidal numbers is listed as:
+  `1, 6, 19, 44, 85, 111, 146, 231, ...`
+  The number `111` should be excluded, resulting in:
+  `1, 6, 19, 44, 85, 146, 231, ...`
+
+- **Chapter 2, page 155:**
+  The formula for generalized centered tetrahedron numbers (S_3^3) is:
+  `S_3^3(n) = ((2n - 1)(n^2 + n + 3)) / 3`
+  It should include a negative sign:
+  `S_3^3(n) = ((2n - 1)(n^2 - n + 3)) / 3`
+
+- **Chapter 2, page 156:**
+  The formula for generalized centered square pyramid numbers (S_4^3) is:
+  `S_4^3(n) = ((2n - 1)(n^2 - n + 2)^2) / 3`
+  The correct formula is:
+  `S_4^3(n) = ((2n - 1)(n^2 - n + 2)) / 2`
+
+- **Chapter 3, page 188:**
+  The term *hyperoctahedral numbers* is incorrectly called:
+  `hexadecahoron numbers`
+  It should be:
+  `hexadecachoron numbers`
+
+- **Chapter 3, page 190:**
+  The term *hypericosahedral numbers* is incorrectly written as:
+  `hexacisihoron numbers`
+  It should be:
+  `hexacosichoron numbers`

data/lib/figurate_numbers/arith_transform.rb

@@ -43,5 +43,9 @@ module FigurateNumbers
         PAdicUtils.padic_expansion(delta, p, precision, reverse)
       end
     end
+
+    def figuratenomial(n, k, seq)
+      Utils.figurate_binomial(n, k, seq)
+    end
   end
 end

data/lib/figurate_numbers/multidimensional_figurate_numbers.rb

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ module FigurateNumbers
     alias hypertetrahedral pentatope
     alias triangulotriangular pentatope
 
-    def k_dimensional_hypertetrahedron(k)
+    def reference_of_book_k_dimensional_hypertetrahedron(k)
       Enumerator.new do |y|
         (1..Float::INFINITY).each do |delta|
           y << Utils.rising_factorial(delta, k) / Utils.factorial_iter(k)
@@ -24,6 +24,18 @@ module FigurateNumbers
       end
     end
 
+    def k_dimensional_hypertetrahedron(k)
+      Enumerator.new do |y|
+        delta = 1
+        bin_coeff = 1
+        loop do
+          y << bin_coeff
+          bin_coeff = bin_coeff * (delta + k) / delta
+          delta += 1
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
     alias k_hypertetrahedron k_dimensional_hypertetrahedron
     alias regular_k_polytopic k_dimensional_hypertetrahedron
     alias figurate_numbers_of_order_k k_dimensional_hypertetrahedron
@@ -704,7 +716,7 @@ module FigurateNumbers
 
     require 'prime'
 
-    def cuban_numbers
+    def cuban
       Enumerator.new do |y|
         (1..Float::INFINITY).each do |delta|
           y << (delta + 1)**3 - delta**3
@@ -712,9 +724,9 @@ module FigurateNumbers
       end
     end
 
-    alias cuban_prime_numbers cuban_numbers
+    alias cuban_prime cuban
 
-    def helper_quartan_numbers(delta)
+    def helper_quartan(delta)
       seq = [2]
       (1..delta).each do |x|
         (x + 1..delta).each do |y|
@@ -725,17 +737,17 @@ module FigurateNumbers
       seq.sort
     end
 
-    private_class_method :helper_quartan_numbers
+    private_class_method :helper_quartan
 
-    def quartan_numbers
+    def quartan
       Enumerator.new do |y|
         (1..Float::INFINITY).each do |delta|
-          y << helper_quartan_numbers(delta)[delta - 1]
+          y << helper_quartan(delta)[delta - 1]
         end
       end
     end
 
-    def pell_numbers
+    def pell
       pell_numbers = [0, 1]
       Enumerator.new do |y|
         y << 0
@@ -752,17 +764,7 @@ module FigurateNumbers
       end
     end
 
-    def helper_carmichael_number_math_def(n)
-      return if prime_number?(n)
-
-      (2..(n - 1)).each do |a|
-        next unless n.gcd(a) == 1
-        return nil if a.pow(n - 1, n) != 1
-      end
-      n
-    end
-
-    def helper_carmichael_number(n)
+    def helper_carmichael(n)
       return if Prime.prime?(n)
 
       is_carmichael = (2..Math.sqrt(n)).none? do |a|
@@ -772,19 +774,18 @@ module FigurateNumbers
     end
 
     private_class_method :prime_number?
-    private_class_method :helper_carmichael_number_math_def
-    private_class_method :helper_carmichael_number
+    private_class_method :helper_carmichael
 
-    def carmichael_numbers
+    def carmichael
       Enumerator.new do |y|
         (561..Float::INFINITY).each do |delta|
-          num_seq = helper_carmichael_number(delta)
+          num_seq = helper_carmichael(delta)
           y << num_seq unless num_seq.nil?
         end
       end
     end
 
-    def helper_stern_prime_numbers(delta)
+    def helper_stern_prime(delta)
       prime_list = Prime.first(delta)
       q = prime_list[-1]
       b = 1
@@ -797,19 +798,19 @@ module FigurateNumbers
       q
     end
 
-    private_class_method :helper_stern_prime_numbers
+    private_class_method :helper_stern_prime
 
-    def stern_prime_numbers(infty = false) # rubocop:disable Style/OptionalBooleanParameter
+    def stern_prime(infty = false) # rubocop:disable Style/OptionalBooleanParameter
       Enumerator.new do |y|
         max_term = infty == false ? 238 : float::INFINITY
         (1..max_term).each do |delta|
-          num_seq = helper_stern_prime_numbers(delta)
+          num_seq = helper_stern_prime(delta)
           y << num_seq unless num_seq.nil?
         end
       end
     end
 
-    def helper_apocalyptic_numbers(delta)
+    def helper_apocalyptic(delta)
       search_666 = (2**delta).to_s # rubocop:disable Naming/VariableNumber
       len_666 = search_666.length - 1 # rubocop:disable Naming/VariableNumber
       (0..len_666).each do |index|
@@ -818,12 +819,12 @@ module FigurateNumbers
       nil
     end
 
-    private_class_method :helper_apocalyptic_numbers
+    private_class_method :helper_apocalyptic
 
-    def apocalyptic_numbers
+    def apocalyptic
       Enumerator.new do |y|
         (157..Float::INFINITY).each do |delta|
-          y << helper_apocalyptic_numbers(delta) unless helper_apocalyptic_numbers(delta).nil?
+          y << helper_apocalyptic(delta) unless helper_apocalyptic(delta).nil?
         end
       end
     end

data/lib/figurate_numbers/plane_figurate_numbers.rb

@@ -532,7 +532,7 @@ module FigurateNumbers
       end
     end
 
-    def gnomic
+    def gnomonic
       Enumerator.new do |y|
         (1..Float::INFINITY).each do |delta|
           y << 2 * delta - 1

data/lib/figurate_numbers/utils/utils.rb

@@ -34,5 +34,32 @@ module FigurateNumbers
     def pseudo_pochhammer_function(n, k)
       (n..(n + k - 2)).reduce(:*)
     end
+
+    def figurate_binomial(n, k, seq)
+      raise ArgumentError, "n must be a non-negative Integer" unless n.is_a?(Integer) && n >= 0
+      raise ArgumentError, "k must be an Integer between 0 and n" unless k.is_a?(Integer) && k.between?(0, n)
+
+      k = [k, n - k].min
+
+      first = []
+      last = []
+      (1..n).each do |i|
+        value = seq.next
+        first << value if i <= k
+        last << value if i > n - k
+      end
+
+      numerator = 1
+      denominator = 1
+      k.times do |i|
+        numerator *= last[i]
+        denominator *= first[i]
+
+        gcd = numerator.gcd(denominator)
+        numerator /= gcd
+        denominator /= gcd
+      end
+      denominator == 1 ? numerator : Rational(numerator, denominator)
+    end
   end
 end

data/lib/figurate_numbers/version.rb

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 module FigurateNumbers
-  VERSION = '1.5.3'
+  VERSION = '1.6.0'
 end

metadata

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 --- !ruby/object:Gem::Specification
 name: figurate_numbers
 version: !ruby/object:Gem::Version
-  version: 1.5.3
+  version: 1.6.0
 platform: ruby
 authors:
 - Edgar Armando Delgado Vega
@@ -13,20 +13,14 @@ description: Generates 241 infinite sequences of plane, space, and multidimensio
   figurate numbers based on the book ‘Figurate Numbers’ (2012) by Elena Deza and Michel
   Deza. The methods are implemented using the Enumerator class and are designed for
   use in your math projects or in Sonic Pi.
-email:
-- edelve91@gmail.com
 executables: []
 extensions: []
 extra_rdoc_files:
 - LICENSE
 - README.md
-- docs/ERRATA.md
-- docs/METHODS.md
 files:
 - LICENSE
 - README.md
-- docs/ERRATA.md
-- docs/METHODS.md
 - lib/figurate_numbers.rb
 - lib/figurate_numbers/arith_transform.rb
 - lib/figurate_numbers/multidimensional_figurate_numbers.rb

data/docs/ERRATA.md

@@ -1,71 +0,0 @@
-# Errata
-
-- **Chapter 1, page 6:**
-  The formula for *Square* in the table is given as:
-  `1/2 (n^2 - 0 * n)`
-  It should be corrected to:
-  `1/2 (2n^2 - 0 * n)`
-
-- **Chapter 1, page 51:**
-  The formula for *Centered icosihexagonal* numbers is listed as:
-  `1/3n^2 - 13n + 1`
-  with values `546, 728, 936, 1170`.
-  The correct formula and values are:
-  `13n^2 - 13n + 1`
-  with values `547, 729, 937, 1171`.
-
-- **Chapter 1, page 51:**
-  The value for *Centered icosiheptagonal* number is given as `972`.
-  The correct value is `973`.
-
-- **Chapter 1, page 51:**
-  The value for *Centered icosioctagonal* number is given as `84`.
-  The correct value is `85`.
-
-- **Chapter 1, page 65:**
-  The term *polite numbers* is misspelled as:
-  `inpolite numbers`
-  It should read:
-  `impolite numbers`
-
-- **Chapter 1, page 72:**
-  The formula for truncated centered pentagonal numbers (TCSS_5) is:
-  `TCSS_5(n) = (35n^2 - 55n) / 2 + 3`
-  It should be:
-  `TCSS_5(n) = (35n^2 - 55n) / 2 + 11`
-
-- **Chapter 2, page 92:**
-  The formula for octagonal pyramidal numbers is stated as:
-  `n(n+1)(6n-1) / 6`
-  The correct formula is:
-  `n(n+1)(6n-3) / 6`
-
-- **Chapter 2, page 140:**
-  The sequence for centered square pyramidal numbers is listed as:
-  `1, 6, 19, 44, 85, 111, 146, 231, ...`
-  The number `111` should be excluded, resulting in:
-  `1, 6, 19, 44, 85, 146, 231, ...`
-
-- **Chapter 2, page 155:**
-  The formula for generalized centered tetrahedron numbers (S_3^3) is:
-  `S_3^3(n) = ((2n - 1)(n^2 + n + 3)) / 3`
-  It should include a negative sign:
-  `S_3^3(n) = ((2n - 1)(n^2 - n + 3)) / 3`
-
-- **Chapter 2, page 156:**
-  The formula for generalized centered square pyramid numbers (S_4^3) is:
-  `S_4^3(n) = ((2n - 1)(n^2 - n + 2)^2) / 3`
-  The correct formula is:
-  `S_4^3(n) = ((2n - 1)(n^2 - n + 2)) / 2`
-
-- **Chapter 3, page 188:**
-  The term *hyperoctahedral numbers* is incorrectly called:
-  `hexadecahoron numbers`
-  It should be:
-  `hexadecachoron numbers`
-
-- **Chapter 3, page 190:**
-  The term *hypericosahedral numbers* is incorrectly written as:
-  `hexacisihoron numbers`
-  It should be:
-  `hexacosichoron numbers`

data/docs/METHODS.md

@@ -1,274 +0,0 @@
-# List of Sequences in `figurate_numbers` and Arithmetic Transformations Methods
-
-### Table of Contents
-- 🟦 [Plane Figurate Numbers](#1-plane-figurate-numbers)
-- 🟥 [Space Figurate Numbers](#2-space-figurate-numbers)
-- 🟨 [Multidimensional Figurate Numbers](#3-multidimensional-figurate-numbers)
-- 🧬 [Zoo of figurate-related numbers](#4-zoo-of-figurate-related-numbers)
-- ⚙️ [Arithmetic Transformations](#5-arithmetic-transformations)
-
-> Note that `=` means that you can call the same sequence with different names.
-
-## 1. Plane Figurate Numbers
-
-1. `polygonal(m)`
-2. `triangular`
-3. `square`
-4. `pentagonal`
-5. `hexagonal`
-6. `heptagonal`
-7. `octagonal`
-8. `nonagonal`
-9. `decagonal`
-10. `hendecagonal`
-11. `dodecagonal`
-12. `tridecagonal`
-13. `tetradecagonal`
-14. `pentadecagonal`
-15. `hexadecagonal`
-16. `heptadecagonal`
-17. `octadecagonal`
-18. `nonadecagonal`
-19. `icosagonal`
-20. `icosihenagonal`
-21. `icosidigonal`
-22. `icositrigonal`
-23. `icositetragonal`
-24. `icosipentagonal`
-25. `icosihexagonal`
-26. `icosiheptagonal`
-27. `icosioctagonal`
-28. `icosinonagonal`
-29. `triacontagonal`
-30. `centered_triangular`
-31. `centered_square` = `diamond` (equality only by quantity)
-32. `centered_pentagonal`
-33. `centered_hexagonal`
-34. `centered_heptagonal`
-35. `centered_octagonal`
-36. `centered_nonagonal`
-37. `centered_decagonal`
-38. `centered_hendecagonal`
-39. `centered_dodecagonal` = `star` (equality only by quantity)
-40. `centered_tridecagonal`
-41. `centered_tetradecagonal`
-42. `centered_pentadecagonal`
-43. `centered_hexadecagonal`
-44. `centered_heptadecagonal`
-45. `centered_octadecagonal`
-46. `centered_nonadecagonal`
-47. `centered_icosagonal`
-48. `centered_icosihenagonal`
-49. `centered_icosidigonal`
-50. `centered_icositrigonal`
-51. `centered_icositetragonal`
-52. `centered_icosipentagonal`
-53. `centered_icosihexagonal`
-54. `centered_icosiheptagonal`
-55. `centered_icosioctagonal`
-56. `centered_icosinonagonal`
-57. `centered_triacontagonal`
-58. `centered_mgonal(m)`
-59. `pronic` = `heteromecic` = `oblong`
-60. `polite`
-61. `impolite`
-62. `cross`
-63. `aztec_diamond`
-64. `polygram(m)` = `centered_star_polygonal(m)`
-65. `pentagram`
-66. `gnomic`
-67. `truncated_triangular`
-68. `truncated_square`
-69. `truncated_pronic`
-70. `truncated_centered_pol(m)` = `truncated_centered_mgonal(m)`
-71. `truncated_centered_triangular`
-72. `truncated_centered_square`
-73. `truncated_centered_pentagonal`
-74. `truncated_centered_hexagonal` = `truncated_hex`
-75. `generalized_mgonal(m, left_index = 0)`
-76. `generalized_pentagonal(left_index = 0)`
-77. `generalized_hexagonal(left_index = 0)`
-78. `generalized_centered_pol(m, left_index = 0)`
-79. `generalized_pronic(left_index = 0)`
-
-## 2. Space Figurate Numbers
-
-1. `r_pyramidal(r)`
-2. `triangular_pyramidal = tetrahedral`
-3. `square_pyramidal = pyramidal`
-4. `pentagonal_pyramidal`
-5. `hexagonal_pyramidal`
-6. `heptagonal_pyramidal`
-7. `octagonal_pyramidal`
-8. `nonagonal_pyramidal`
-9. `decagonal_pyramidal`
-10. `hendecagonal_pyramidal`
-11. `dodecagonal_pyramidal`
-12. `tridecagonal_pyramidal`
-13. `tetradecagonal_pyramidal`
-14. `pentadecagonal_pyramidal`
-15. `hexadecagonal_pyramidal`
-16. `heptadecagonal_pyramidal`
-17. `octadecagonal_pyramidal`
-18. `nonadecagonal_pyramidal`
-19. `icosagonal_pyramidal`
-20. `icosihenagonal_pyramidal`
-21. `icosidigonal_pyramidal`
-22. `icositrigonal_pyramidal`
-23. `icositetragonal_pyramidal`
-24. `icosipentagonal_pyramidal`
-25. `icosihexagonal_pyramidal`
-26. `icosiheptagonal_pyramidal`
-27. `icosioctagonal_pyramidal`
-28. `icosinonagonal_pyramidal`
-29. `triacontagonal_pyramidal`
-30. `triangular_tetrahedral [finite]`
-31. `triangular_square_pyramidal [finite]`
-32. `square_tetrahedral [finite]`
-33. `square_square_pyramidal [finite]`
-34. `tetrahedral_square_pyramidal_number [finite]`
-35. `cubic = perfect_cube != hex_pyramidal (equality only by quantity)`
-36. `tetrahedral`
-37. `octahedral`
-38. `dodecahedral`
-39. `icosahedral`
-40. `truncated_tetrahedral`
-41. `truncated_cubic`
-42. `truncated_octahedral`
-43. `stella_octangula`
-44. `centered_cube`
-45. `rhombic_dodecahedral`
-46. `hauy_rhombic_dodecahedral`
-47. `centered_tetrahedron = centered_tetrahedral`
-48. `centered_square_pyramid = centered_pyramid`
-49. `centered_mgonal_pyramid(m)`
-50. `centered_pentagonal_pyramid != centered_octahedron (equality only in quantity)`
-51. `centered_hexagonal_pyramid`
-52. `centered_heptagonal_pyramid`
-53. `centered_octagonal_pyramid`
-54. `centered_octahedron`
-55. `centered_icosahedron = centered_cuboctahedron`
-56. `centered_dodecahedron`
-57. `centered_truncated_tetrahedron`
-58. `centered_truncated_cube`
-59. `centered_truncated_octahedron`
-60. `centered_mgonal_pyramidal(m)`
-61. `centered_triangular_pyramidal`
-62. `centered_square_pyramidal`
-63. `centered_pentagonal_pyramidal`
-64. `centered_hexagonal_pyramidal = hex_pyramidal`
-65. `centered_heptagonal_pyramidal`
-66. `centered_octagonal_pyramidal`
-67. `centered_nonagonal_pyramidal`
-68. `centered_decagonal_pyramidal`
-69. `centered_hendecagonal_pyramidal`
-70. `centered_dodecagonal_pyramidal`
-71. `hexagonal_prism`
-72. `mgonal_prism(m)`
-73. `generalized_mgonal_pyramidal(m, left_index = 0)`
-74. `generalized_pentagonal_pyramidal(left_index = 0)`
-75. `generalized_hexagonal_pyramidal(left_index = 0)`
-76. `generalized_cubic(left_index = 0)`
-77. `generalized_octahedral(left_index = 0)`
-78. `generalized_icosahedral(left_index = 0)`
-79. `generalized_dodecahedral(left_index = 0)`
-80. `generalized_centered_cube(left_index = 0)`
-81. `generalized_centered_tetrahedron(left_index = 0)`
-82. `generalized_centered_square_pyramid(left_index = 0)`
-83. `generalized_rhombic_dodecahedral(left_index = 0)`
-84. `generalized_centered_mgonal_pyramidal(m, left_index = 0)`
-85. `generalized_mgonal_prism(m, left_index = 0)`
-86. `generalized_hexagonal_prism(left_index = 0)`
-
-## 3. Multidimensional figurate numbers
-
-1. `pentatope = hypertetrahedral = triangulotriangular`
-2. `k_dimensional_hypertetrahedron(k) = k_hypertetrahedron(k) = regular_k_polytopic(k) = figurate_numbers_of_order_k(k)`
-3. `five_dimensional_hypertetrahedron`
-4. `six_dimensional_hypertetrahedron`
-5. `biquadratic`
-6. `k_dimensional_hypercube(k) = k_hypercube(k)`
-7. `five_dimensional_hypercube`
-8. `six_dimensional_hypercube`
-9. `hyperoctahedral = hexadecachoron = four_cross_polytope = four_orthoplex`
-10. `hypericosahedral = tetraplex = polytetrahedron = hexacosichoron`
-11. `hyperdodecahedral = hecatonicosachoron = dodecaplex = polydodecahedron`
-12. `polyoctahedral = icositetrachoron = octaplex = hyperdiamond`
-13. `four_dimensional_hyperoctahedron`
-14. `five_dimensional_hyperoctahedron`
-15. `six_dimensional_hyperoctahedron`
-16. `seven_dimensional_hyperoctahedron`
-17. `eight_dimensional_hyperoctahedron`
-18. `nine_dimensional_hyperoctahedron`
-19. `ten_dimensional_hyperoctahedron`
-20. `k_dimensional_hyperoctahedron(k) = k_cross_polytope(k)`
-21. `four_dimensional_mgonal_pyramidal(m) = mgonal_pyramidal_numbers_of_the_second_order(m)`
-22. `four_dimensional_square_pyramidal`
-23. `four_dimensional_pentagonal_pyramidal`
-24. `four_dimensional_hexagonal_pyramidal`
-25. `four_dimensional_heptagonal_pyramidal`
-26. `four_dimensional_octagonal_pyramidal`
-27. `four_dimensional_nonagonal_pyramidal`
-28. `four_dimensional_decagonal_pyramidal`
-29. `four_dimensional_hendecagonal_pyramidal`
-30. `four_dimensional_dodecagonal_pyramidal`
-31. `k_dimensional_mgonal_pyramidal(k, m) = mgonal_pyramidal_of_the_k_2_th_order(k, m)`
-32. `five_dimensional_mgonal_pyramidal(m)`
-33. `five_dimensional_square_pyramidal`
-34. `five_dimensional_pentagonal_pyramidal`
-35. `five_dimensional_hexagonal_pyramidal`
-36. `five_dimensional_heptagonal_pyramidal`
-37. `five_dimensional_octagonal_pyramidal`
-38. `six_dimensional_mgonal_pyramidal(m)`
-39. `six_dimensional_square_pyramidal`
-40. `six_dimensional_pentagonal_pyramidal`
-41. `six_dimensional_hexagonal_pyramidal`
-42. `six_dimensional_heptagonal_pyramidal`
-43. `six_dimensional_octagonal_pyramidal`
-44. `centered_biquadratic`
-45. `k_dimensional_centered_hypercube(k)`
-46. `five_dimensional_centered_hypercube`
-47. `six_dimensional_centered_hypercube`
-48. `centered_polytope`
-49. `k_dimensional_centered_hypertetrahedron(k)`
-50. `five_dimensional_centered_hypertetrahedron(k)`
-51. `six_dimensional_centered_hypertetrahedron(k)`
-52. `centered_hyperoctahedral = orthoplex`
-53. `nexus(k)`
-54. `k_dimensional_centered_hyperoctahedron(k)`
-55. `five_dimensional_centered_hyperoctahedron`
-56. `six_dimensional_centered_hyperoctahedron`
-57. `generalized_pentatope(left_index = 0)`
-58. `generalized_k_dimensional_hypertetrahedron(k = 5, left_index = 0)`
-59. `generalized_biquadratic(left_index = 0)`
-60. `generalized_k_dimensional_hypercube(k = 5, left_index = 0)`
-61. `generalized_hyperoctahedral(left_index = 0)`
-62. `generalized_k_dimensional_hyperoctahedron(k = 5, left_index = 0) [even or odd dimension only changes sign]`
-63. `generalized_hyperdodecahedral(left_index = 0)`
-64. `generalized_hypericosahedral(left_index = 0)`
-65. `generalized_polyoctahedral(left_index = 0)`
-66. `generalized_k_dimensional_mgonal_pyramidal(k, m, left_index = 0)`
-67. `generalized_k_dimensional_centered_hypercube(k, left_index = 0)`
-68. `generalized_k_dimensional_centered_hypertetrahedron(k, left_index = 0)[provisional symmetry]`
-69. `generalized_k_dimensional_centered_hyperoctahedron(k, left_index = 0)[provisional symmetry]`
-70. `generalized_nexus(k, left_index = 0) [even or odd dimension only changes sign]`
-
-### 4. Zoo of figurate-related numbers
-
-1. `cuban_numbers = cuban_prime_numbers`
-2. `quartan_numbers [Needs to improve the algorithmic complexity for n > 70]`
-3. `pell_numbers`
-4. `carmichael_numbers [Needs to improve the algorithmic complexity for n > 20]`
-4. `stern_prime_numbers(infty = false) [Quick calculations up to 8 terms]`
-5. `apocalyptic_numbers`
-
-### 5. Arithmetic Transformations
-
-1. `ArithTransform.n_residue(n, pow, mod)`
-2. `ArithTransform.pc_inversion(n, mod)`
-3. `ArithTransform.padic_val(n, p)`
-4. `ArithTransform.ring_padic_val(seq, p)`
-5. `ArithTransform.padic_norm(n, p)`
-6. `ArithTransform.ring_padic_norm(seq, p)`
-7. `ArithTransform.padic_expansion(n, p, precision = 11, reverse: false)`
-8. `ArithTransform.ring_padic_expansion(seq, p, precision = 11, reverse: false)`