eventhub-processor2 1.26.2 → 1.27.0

checksums.yaml

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 ---
 SHA256:
-  metadata.gz: 3195a1503417b8ac4ce8dc345ad7263ceacde2d473229ccbc1ad5b1c18e3a2e4
-  data.tar.gz: cf9b94c789e85c2b05fc3e9eea1c4f4ef4773b6f29fec0bdbf58256e73fbe280
+  metadata.gz: 71103595a699bfa32e3c771073f3b870a5e10bba02a9191585e5bd2369a4fb8b
+  data.tar.gz: 82045e01a8f8c136ba5413c6a1153093fd441db66704352d58034f371602dbba
 SHA512:
-  metadata.gz: 9d3236c5f6db00ff7baf430811d34c1d2eb10be68a9cc7ed69c3463dc637528a6fd9d2b9433c3b94dd36c014bb2413b07366bbd9ebfce364527921a18a5db9b1
-  data.tar.gz: c40045da1746f9aea76bb658e8a309921e80becdae9979d8adaa7989d018f96564870145ac72a9a8af38b20a7dce3c661b13b9a53ca1352de6af3cc7ea2828af
+  metadata.gz: 99f35f36aacf9e25df8c7ecafc8c26dfd41f4dac7e3d486ae904aa8555b6af7b2c60688aab5b68c1cc1285117212c9b7b6e10ef1ce6b38489860bdd21094188e
+  data.tar.gz: a6011ab9c3345016e4f3b3c35d00685ea64635683f61ff38e7d6a555a8b1edd1993ce8e6be38460be45251d1e371b0810277a9df78d93891d155239aefe5f040

data/CHANGELOG.md

@@ -1,5 +1,14 @@
 # Changelog of EventHub::Processor2
 
+# 1.27.0 / 2026-04-01
+
+* Adapt to Bunny 3.0 publisher confirms: use `confirm_select(tracking: true)` for automatic backpressure, remove manual `wait_for_confirms` calls
+* Remove `:configuration` from default HTTP resources to prevent automatic exposure of sensitive config on upgrade (opt-in via `http_resources` method)
+* Improve configuration page: compact rendering for nested hashes and arrays, show `(not set)` for empty values, add client-side filter with reset button, visual distinction for top-level sections
+* Fix deprecation logic to only warn when `heartbeat.*` and `http.*` values actually differ; remove defaults from deprecated `heartbeat` config block
+* Fix example processors: add unique HTTP ports, create missing `data/` directory in publisher
+* Fix flaky sleeper specs by widening timing tolerance and using idiomatic RSpec `be_within` matcher
+
 # 1.26.2 / 2026-03-25
 
 * Change default `http.bind_address` from `localhost` to `0.0.0.0` for container compatibility (ECS, Docker, K8s)

data/README.md

@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ Resources are mounted under the `base_path`:
 - `{base_path}/heartbeat` - Health check
 - `{base_path}/version` - Version info as JSON
 - `{base_path}/docs` - README documentation as HTML
-- `{base_path}/docs/configuration` - Configuration as HTML table
+- `{base_path}/docs/configuration` - Configuration as HTML table (opt-in, see [Enabling Resources](#enabling-resources))
 - `{base_path}/docs/changelog` - CHANGELOG as HTML
 - `{base_path}/assets/*` - Static assets (CSS, images)
 
@@ -469,7 +469,7 @@ GET {base_path}/docs/configuration
 
 **Response:** `200 OK` with HTML page
 
-By default, the following keys are redacted: `password`, `secret`, `token`, `api_key`, `credential`. You can customize the list by defining a `sensitive_keys` method in your processor:
+By default, the following keys are redacted: `password`, `secret`, `token`, `api_key`, `credential`, `username`, `user`, `login`. You can customize the list by defining a `sensitive_keys` method in your processor:
 
 ```ruby
 # Override the entire list
@@ -497,28 +497,22 @@ class MyProcessor < EventHub::Processor2
 end
 ```
 
-### Disabling Resources
+### Enabling Resources
 
-By default, all HTTP resources are enabled. You can control which resources are available by defining an `http_resources` method in your processor. The navbar adapts automatically.
+By default, the following HTTP resources are enabled: `:heartbeat`, `:version`, `:docs`, and `:changelog`. The `:configuration` resource is **disabled by default** because it displays server configuration which may contain sensitive values. Although passwords, tokens, and keys are automatically redacted, we prefer a secure-by-default approach where processors must explicitly opt in to exposing configuration.
 
-```ruby
-class MyProcessor < EventHub::Processor2
-  def http_resources
-    [:heartbeat, :version, :docs, :changelog, :configuration]  # default: all enabled
-  end
-end
-```
-
-To disable the configuration page for example:
+To enable the configuration page, define an `http_resources` method in your processor:
 
 ```ruby
 class MyProcessor < EventHub::Processor2
   def http_resources
-    [:heartbeat, :version, :docs, :changelog]
+    [:heartbeat, :version, :docs, :changelog, :configuration]
   end
 end
 ```
 
+You can also use `http_resources` to disable any of the default resources. The navbar adapts automatically.
+
 ### Customizing Footer
 
 The documentation pages display company name, version, and environment in the footer. Company name defaults to "Novartis" but can be customized by defining a `company_name` method in your processor:

data/eventhub-processor2.gemspec

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
 
   spec.add_dependency "celluloid", "~> 0.18"
   spec.add_dependency "webrick", "~> 1.8"
-  spec.add_dependency "bunny", "~> 2.23"
+  spec.add_dependency "bunny", "~> 3.0"
   spec.add_dependency "eventhub-components", "~> 0.4"
   spec.add_dependency "base64", "~> 0.3.0"
   spec.add_dependency "logger", "~> 1.6"

data/example/config/example.json

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+{
+  "development": {
+    "server": {
+      "user": "guest",
+      "password": "guest",
+      "host": "localhost",
+      "vhost": "event_hub",
+      "port": 5672,
+      "tls": false,
+      "http": {
+        "port": 8083
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}

data/example/config/receiver.json

@@ -6,7 +6,10 @@
       "host": "localhost",
       "vhost": "event_hub",
       "port": 5672,
-      "tls": false
+      "tls": false,
+      "http": {
+        "port": 8081
+      }
     },
     "processor": {
       "listener_queues": [

data/example/config/router.json

@@ -6,7 +6,10 @@
       "host": "localhost",
       "vhost": "event_hub",
       "port": 5672,
-      "tls": false
+      "tls": false,
+      "http": {
+        "port": 8082
+      }
     },
     "processor": {
       "listener_queues": [

data/example/example.rb

@@ -6,6 +6,10 @@ module EventHub
       "1.0.0" # define your version
     end
 
+    def http_resources
+      [:heartbeat, :version, :docs, :changelog, :configuration]
+    end
+
     def handle_message(message, args = {})
       # deal with your parsed EventHub message
       # message.class => EventHub::Message

data/example/publisher.rb

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 require "bunny"
 require "celluloid"
+require "fileutils"
 require "json"
 require "securerandom"
 require "eventhub/components"
@@ -38,6 +39,7 @@ module Publisher
       @files_sent = 0
 
       @filename = "data/store.json"
+      FileUtils.mkdir_p(File.dirname(@filename))
       if File.exist?(@filename)
         cleanup
       else
@@ -119,7 +121,7 @@ module Publisher
         logger: Logger.new(File::NULL))
       @connection.start
       @channel = @connection.create_channel
-      @channel.confirm_select
+      @channel.confirm_select(tracking: true)
       @exchange = @channel.direct("example.outbound", durable: true)
     end
 
@@ -135,13 +137,8 @@ module Publisher
       Publisher.logger.info("[#{id}] - Message/File created")
 
       @exchange.publish(data, persistent: true)
-      success = @channel.wait_for_confirms
-      if success
-        Celluloid::Actor[:transaction_store]&.stop(id)
-        Publisher&.logger&.info("[#{id}] - Message sent")
-      else
-        Publisher&.logger&.error("[#{id}] -  Published message not confirmed")
-      end
+      Celluloid::Actor[:transaction_store]&.stop(id)
+      Publisher&.logger&.info("[#{id}] - Message sent")
     end
   end
 

data/example/receiver.rb

@@ -10,6 +10,10 @@ module EventHub
       "Example Company"
     end
 
+    def http_resources
+      [:heartbeat, :version, :docs, :changelog, :configuration]
+    end
+
     # Custom README served via method instead of file
     def readme_as_html
       <<~HTML

data/example/router.rb

@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ module EventHub
       "1.0.0"
     end
 
+    def http_resources
+      [:heartbeat, :version, :docs, :changelog, :configuration]
+    end
+
     def handle_message(message, args = {})
       id = message.body["id"]
       EventHub.logger.info("Received: [#{id}]")

data/lib/eventhub/actor_heartbeat.rb

@@ -38,15 +38,9 @@ module EventHub
       connection = create_bunny_connection
       connection.start
       channel = connection.create_channel
-      channel.confirm_select
+      channel.confirm_select(tracking: true)
       exchange = channel.direct(EventHub::EH_X_INBOUND, durable: true)
       exchange.publish(message, persistent: true)
-      success = channel.wait_for_confirms
-
-      unless success
-        raise "Published heartbeat message has " \
-          "not been confirmed by the server"
-      end
     ensure
       connection&.close
     end

data/lib/eventhub/actor_listener_http.rb

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ module EventHub
     include Helper
 
     DEFAULT_VERSION = "?.?.?"
-    DEFAULT_HTTP_RESOURCES = [:heartbeat, :version, :docs, :changelog, :configuration].freeze
+    DEFAULT_HTTP_RESOURCES = [:heartbeat, :version, :docs, :changelog].freeze
     CONTENT_TYPES = {
       ".css" => "text/css",
       ".svg" => "image/svg+xml",
@@ -183,16 +183,17 @@ module EventHub
     private
 
     def http_config(key)
-      # Try new http config first, fall back to deprecated heartbeat config
+      # Prefer deprecated heartbeat config for backward compatibility,
+      # fall back to http config. Only warn when values actually differ.
       heartbeat_value = EventHub::Configuration.server.dig(:heartbeat, key)
       http_value = EventHub::Configuration.server.dig(:http, key)
 
-      if heartbeat_value && http_value != heartbeat_value
+      if heartbeat_value && http_value && heartbeat_value != http_value
         EventHub.logger.warn("[DEPRECATION] heartbeat.#{key} is deprecated. Please use http.#{key} instead.")
         return heartbeat_value
       end
 
-      http_value
+      http_value || heartbeat_value
     end
 
     def resource_enabled?(name)

data/lib/eventhub/actor_publisher.rb

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ module EventHub
       exchange_name = args[:exchange_name] || EH_X_INBOUND
 
       channel = @connection.create_channel
-      channel.confirm_select
+      channel.confirm_select(tracking: true)
       exchange = channel.direct(exchange_name, durable: true)
 
       publish_options = {persistent: true}
@@ -33,12 +33,6 @@ module EventHub
       publish_options[:correlation_id] = correlation_id if correlation_id
 
       exchange.publish(message, publish_options)
-      success = channel.wait_for_confirms
-
-      unless success
-        raise "Published message from Listener actor " \
-              "has not been confirmed by the server"
-      end
     ensure
       channel&.close
     end

data/lib/eventhub/assets/app.css

@@ -94,6 +94,54 @@ body {
   width: auto;
 }
 
+/* Config filter */
+.config-filter {
+  margin-bottom: 1rem;
+}
+
+.config-filter-row {
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  max-width: 400px;
+}
+
+.config-filter .input {
+  flex: 1;
+  padding: 0.5rem 0.75rem;
+  font-size: 0.95rem;
+  border: 1px solid #dbdbdb;
+  border-radius: 4px 0 0 4px;
+}
+
+.config-filter .input:focus {
+  border-color: hsl(212, 55%, 48%);
+  outline: none;
+  box-shadow: 0 0 0 2px hsla(212, 55%, 48%, 0.2);
+}
+
+.config-filter-reset {
+  padding: 0 0.75rem;
+  font-size: 1.1rem;
+  border: 1px solid #dbdbdb;
+  border-left: none;
+  border-radius: 0 4px 4px 0;
+  background: #f5f5f5;
+  color: #7a7a7a;
+  cursor: pointer;
+  align-self: stretch;
+}
+
+.config-filter-reset:hover {
+  background: #e8e8e8;
+  color: #363636;
+}
+
+.config-filter-count {
+  margin-top: 0.25rem;
+  font-size: 0.85rem;
+  color: #7a7a7a;
+}
+
 /* Config table */
 .config-table thead th {
   background-color: #1a1a1a !important;
@@ -107,6 +155,10 @@ body {
   font-weight: 600;
 }
 
+.config-table .is-section-top td {
+  background-color: #d5d5d5;
+}
+
 .config-table tbody tr:not(.is-section):hover td {
   background-color: hsl(212, 55%, 93%) !important;
 }
@@ -116,11 +168,37 @@ body {
   padding-left: 2rem;
 }
 
-.config-table .redacted {
+.config-table .redacted,
+.config-table .not-set {
   color: #b5b5b5;
   font-style: italic;
 }
 
+.config-array {
+  list-style: none;
+  margin: 0;
+  padding: 0;
+}
+
+.config-array > li {
+  padding: 0.25rem 0;
+}
+
+.config-array > li + li {
+  border-top: 1px solid #e8e8e8;
+}
+
+.config-subtable {
+  margin: 0 !important;
+  font-size: 0.9rem;
+}
+
+.config-subtable td:first-child {
+  font-weight: 600;
+  white-space: nowrap;
+  width: 1%;
+}
+
 /* Footer */
 .footer {
   padding: 1.5rem;

data/lib/eventhub/configuration.rb

@@ -147,11 +147,7 @@ module EventHub
             }
           },
           # deprecated: use http instead (kept for backward compatibility)
-          heartbeat: {
-            bind_address: "0.0.0.0",
-            port: 8080,
-            path: "/svc/#{@name}/heartbeat"
-          }
+          heartbeat: {}
         },
         processor: {
           heartbeat_cycle_in_s: 300,

data/lib/eventhub/docs_renderer.rb

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ module EventHub
     DEFAULT_CHANGELOG_LOCATIONS = ["CHANGELOG.md", "doc/CHANGELOG.md"].freeze
     DEFAULT_COMPANY_NAME = "Novartis"
 
-    DEFAULT_HTTP_RESOURCES = [:heartbeat, :version, :docs, :changelog, :configuration].freeze
+    DEFAULT_HTTP_RESOURCES = [:heartbeat, :version, :docs, :changelog].freeze
 
     def initialize(processor:, base_path:)
       @processor = processor
@@ -91,19 +91,101 @@ module EventHub
         "<p>Active configuration for the <strong>#{ERB::Util.html_escape(EventHub::Configuration.environment)}</strong> environment. " \
         "Sensitive values such as passwords, tokens, and keys are automatically redacted.</p>"
 
-      intro + config_to_html_table(config)
+      filter = '<div class="config-filter">' \
+        '<div class="config-filter-row">' \
+        '<input type="text" id="config-filter-input" class="input" placeholder="Filter configuration keys..." autocomplete="off">' \
+        '<button type="button" id="config-filter-reset" class="config-filter-reset" title="Reset filter">&times;</button>' \
+        "</div>" \
+        '<p id="config-filter-count" class="config-filter-count"></p>' \
+        "</div>"
+
+      script = <<~JS
+        <script>
+        (function() {
+          var input = document.getElementById('config-filter-input');
+          var reset = document.getElementById('config-filter-reset');
+          var count = document.getElementById('config-filter-count');
+          var table = document.querySelector('.config-table');
+          if (!input || !table) return;
+
+          input.addEventListener('input', function() {
+            var term = this.value.toLowerCase();
+            var rows = table.querySelectorAll('tbody tr');
+            var visible = 0;
+            var total = 0;
+
+            // Filter individual rows by content (includes sub-tables)
+            rows.forEach(function(row) {
+              if (row.classList.contains('is-section')) {
+                row.style.display = '';
+                return;
+              }
+              total++;
+              if (!term || row.textContent.toLowerCase().indexOf(term) !== -1) {
+                row.style.display = '';
+                visible++;
+              } else {
+                row.style.display = 'none';
+              }
+            });
+
+            // Hide section headers with no visible rows after them
+            var sections = table.querySelectorAll('tbody tr.is-section');
+            sections.forEach(function(section) {
+              var next = section.nextElementSibling;
+              var hasVisible = false;
+              while (next && !next.classList.contains('is-section')) {
+                if (next.style.display !== 'none') hasVisible = true;
+                next = next.nextElementSibling;
+              }
+              section.style.display = hasVisible ? '' : 'none';
+            });
+
+            if (term) {
+              count.textContent = visible + ' of ' + total + ' entries';
+            } else {
+              count.textContent = '';
+            }
+          });
+          reset.addEventListener('click', function() {
+            input.value = '';
+            input.dispatchEvent(new Event('input'));
+            input.focus();
+          });
+        })();
+        </script>
+      JS
+
+      intro + filter + config_to_html_table(config) + script
     end
 
-    def config_to_html_table(hash, depth = 0)
+    def config_to_html_table(hash, depth = 0, prefix = "")
       rows = hash.map do |key, value|
-        if value.is_a?(Hash)
-          "<tr class=\"is-section\"><td colspan=\"2\"><strong>#{ERB::Util.html_escape(key)}</strong></td></tr>\n" \
-          "#{config_to_html_table(value, depth + 1)}"
+        full_key = prefix.empty? ? key.to_s : "#{prefix}.#{key}"
+        if depth == 0 && value.is_a?(Hash) && !value.empty?
+          "<tr class=\"is-section is-section-top\"><td colspan=\"2\"><strong>#{ERB::Util.html_escape(full_key)}</strong></td></tr>\n" \
+          "#{config_to_html_table(value, 1, full_key)}"
+        elsif value.is_a?(Hash) && value.empty?
+          "<tr><td class=\"config-key\">#{ERB::Util.html_escape(full_key)}</td><td><span class=\"not-set\">(empty)</span></td></tr>"
+        elsif value.is_a?(Hash) && value.values.all? { |v| v.is_a?(Hash) && v.empty? }
+          items = value.keys.map { |k| "<li>#{ERB::Util.html_escape(k)}</li>" }.join("\n")
+          "<tr><td class=\"config-key\">#{ERB::Util.html_escape(full_key)}</td><td><ul class=\"config-array\">#{items}</ul></td></tr>"
+        elsif value.is_a?(Hash) && compact_hash?(value)
+          "<tr><td class=\"config-key\">#{ERB::Util.html_escape(full_key)}</td><td>#{format_nested_value(value)}</td></tr>"
+        elsif value.is_a?(Hash)
+          "<tr class=\"is-section\"><td colspan=\"2\"><strong>#{ERB::Util.html_escape(full_key)}</strong></td></tr>\n" \
+          "#{config_to_html_table(value, depth + 1, full_key)}"
         elsif value.is_a?(Array)
-          format_array_rows(key, value, depth)
+          format_array_rows(full_key, key, value, depth)
         else
-          display_value = sensitive_key?(key) ? "<span class=\"redacted\">[REDACTED]</span>" : ERB::Util.html_escape(value.to_s)
-          "<tr><td class=\"config-key\">#{ERB::Util.html_escape(key)}</td><td>#{display_value}</td></tr>"
+          display_value = if sensitive_key?(key)
+            "<span class=\"redacted\">***</span>"
+          elsif value.nil? || value.to_s.strip.empty?
+            "<span class=\"not-set\">(not set)</span>"
+          else
+            ERB::Util.html_escape(value.to_s)
+          end
+          "<tr><td class=\"config-key\">#{ERB::Util.html_escape(full_key)}</td><td>#{display_value}</td></tr>"
         end
       end.join("\n")
 
@@ -114,24 +196,59 @@ module EventHub
       end
     end
 
-    def format_array_rows(key, array, depth)
-      if array.any? { |item| item.is_a?(Hash) }
-        array.each_with_index.map do |item, index|
-          if item.is_a?(Hash)
-            "<tr class=\"is-section\"><td colspan=\"2\"><strong>#{ERB::Util.html_escape(key)}[#{index}]</strong></td></tr>\n" \
-            "#{config_to_html_table(item, depth + 1)}"
-          else
-            display_value = sensitive_key?(key) ? "<span class=\"redacted\">[REDACTED]</span>" : ERB::Util.html_escape(item.to_s)
-            "<tr><td class=\"config-key\">#{ERB::Util.html_escape(key)}[#{index}]</td><td>#{display_value}</td></tr>"
-          end
-        end.join("\n")
+    def format_array_rows(full_key, key, array, _depth)
+      return "<tr><td class=\"config-key\">#{ERB::Util.html_escape(full_key)}</td><td><span class=\"not-set\">(empty)</span></td></tr>" if array.empty?
+
+      if sensitive_key?(key)
+        return "<tr><td class=\"config-key\">#{ERB::Util.html_escape(full_key)}</td><td><span class=\"redacted\">***</span></td></tr>"
+      end
+
+      inner = array.map { |item| format_array_item(item) }.join("\n")
+      "<tr><td class=\"config-key\">#{ERB::Util.html_escape(full_key)}</td><td><ul class=\"config-array\">#{inner}</ul></td></tr>"
+    end
+
+    def format_array_item(item)
+      if item.is_a?(Hash)
+        rows = item.map do |k, v|
+          value = format_nested_value(v)
+          "<tr><td>#{ERB::Util.html_escape(k)}</td><td>#{value}</td></tr>"
+        end.join
+        "<li><table class=\"table is-bordered is-narrow config-subtable\">#{rows}</table></li>"
+      elsif item.is_a?(Array)
+        inner = item.map { |i| format_array_item(i) }.join("\n")
+        "<li><ul class=\"config-array\">#{inner}</ul></li>"
       else
-        display_value = sensitive_key?(key) ? "<span class=\"redacted\">[REDACTED]</span>" : ERB::Util.html_escape(array.join(", "))
-        "<tr><td class=\"config-key\">#{ERB::Util.html_escape(key)}</td><td>#{display_value}</td></tr>"
+        "<li>#{ERB::Util.html_escape(item.to_s)}</li>"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def format_nested_value(value)
+      if value.is_a?(Hash)
+        rows = value.map do |k, v|
+          "<tr><td>#{ERB::Util.html_escape(k)}</td><td>#{format_nested_value(v)}</td></tr>"
+        end.join
+        "<table class=\"table is-bordered is-narrow config-subtable\">#{rows}</table>"
+      elsif value.is_a?(Array)
+        items = value.map { |i| format_array_item(i) }.join("\n")
+        "<ul class=\"config-array\">#{items}</ul>"
+      elsif value.nil? || value.to_s.strip.empty?
+        "<span class=\"not-set\">(not set)</span>"
+      else
+        ERB::Util.html_escape(value.to_s)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def compact_hash?(hash)
+      hash.values.all? do |v|
+        if v.is_a?(Hash)
+          compact_hash?(v)
+        else
+          !v.is_a?(Array)
+        end
       end
     end
 
-    DEFAULT_SENSITIVE_KEYS = %w[password secret token api_key credential].freeze
+    DEFAULT_SENSITIVE_KEYS = %w[password secret token api_key credential username user login].freeze
 
     def sensitive_key?(key)
       keys = if @processor&.class&.method_defined?(:sensitive_keys)

data/lib/eventhub/version.rb

@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 module EventHub
-  VERSION = "1.26.2".freeze
+  VERSION = "1.27.0".freeze
 end

metadata

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 --- !ruby/object:Gem::Specification
 name: eventhub-processor2
 version: !ruby/object:Gem::Version
-  version: 1.26.2
+  version: 1.27.0
 platform: ruby
 authors:
 - Steiner, Thomas
@@ -43,14 +43,14 @@ dependencies:
     requirements:
     - - "~>"
       - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
-        version: '2.23'
+        version: '3.0'
   type: :runtime
   prerelease: false
   version_requirements: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
     requirements:
     - - "~>"
       - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
-        version: '2.23'
+        version: '3.0'
 - !ruby/object:Gem::Dependency
   name: eventhub-components
   requirement: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
@@ -192,6 +192,7 @@ files:
 - eventhub-processor2.gemspec
 - example/CHANGELOG.md
 - example/README.md
+- example/config/example.json
 - example/config/receiver.json
 - example/config/router.json
 - example/crasher.rb