dynamic_class 0.1.0

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data/.gitignore

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+/.bundle/
+/.yardoc
+/Gemfile.lock
+/_yardoc/
+/coverage/
+/doc/
+/pkg/
+/spec/reports/
+/tmp/

data/.rspec

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+--format documentation
+--color

data/.travis.yml

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+language: ruby
+rvm:
+  - 2.1.1
+before_install: gem install bundler -v 1.11.2

data/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+# Contributor Code of Conduct
+
+As contributors and maintainers of this project, and in the interest of
+fostering an open and welcoming community, we pledge to respect all people who
+contribute through reporting issues, posting feature requests, updating
+documentation, submitting pull requests or patches, and other activities.
+
+We are committed to making participation in this project a harassment-free
+experience for everyone, regardless of level of experience, gender, gender
+identity and expression, sexual orientation, disability, personal appearance,
+body size, race, ethnicity, age, religion, or nationality.
+
+Examples of unacceptable behavior by participants include:
+
+* The use of sexualized language or imagery
+* Personal attacks
+* Trolling or insulting/derogatory comments
+* Public or private harassment
+* Publishing other's private information, such as physical or electronic
+  addresses, without explicit permission
+* Other unethical or unprofessional conduct
+
+Project maintainers have the right and responsibility to remove, edit, or
+reject comments, commits, code, wiki edits, issues, and other contributions
+that are not aligned to this Code of Conduct, or to ban temporarily or
+permanently any contributor for other behaviors that they deem inappropriate,
+threatening, offensive, or harmful.
+
+By adopting this Code of Conduct, project maintainers commit themselves to
+fairly and consistently applying these principles to every aspect of managing
+this project. Project maintainers who do not follow or enforce the Code of
+Conduct may be permanently removed from the project team.
+
+This code of conduct applies both within project spaces and in public spaces
+when an individual is representing the project or its community.
+
+Instances of abusive, harassing, or otherwise unacceptable behavior may be
+reported by contacting a project maintainer at ariel.caplan@mail.yu.edu. All
+complaints will be reviewed and investigated and will result in a response that
+is deemed necessary and appropriate to the circumstances. Maintainers are
+obligated to maintain confidentiality with regard to the reporter of an
+incident.
+
+This Code of Conduct is adapted from the [Contributor Covenant][homepage],
+version 1.3.0, available at
+[http://contributor-covenant.org/version/1/3/0/][version]
+
+[homepage]: http://contributor-covenant.org
+[version]: http://contributor-covenant.org/version/1/3/0/

data/Gemfile

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+source 'https://rubygems.org'
+
+# Specify your gem's dependencies in dynamic_class.gemspec
+gemspec

data/LICENSE.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+The MIT License (MIT)
+
+Copyright (c) 2016 amcaplan
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+THE SOFTWARE.

data/README.md

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+# DynamicClass
+
+Many developers use `OpenStruct` as a convenient way of consuming APIs through
+a nifty data object. But the performance penalty is pretty awful.
+
+`DynamicClass` offers a better solution, optimizing for the case where you
+need to create objects with the same set of properties every time, but you
+can't define the needed keys until runtime. `DynamicClass` works by defining
+instance methods on the class every time it encounters a new propery.
+
+Let's see it in action:
+
+``` ruby
+Animal = DynamicClass.new do
+  def speak
+    "The #{type} makes a #{sound} sound!"
+  end
+end
+
+dog = Animal.new(type: 'dog', sound: 'woof')
+# => #<Animal:0x007fdb2b818ba8 @type="dog", @sound="woof">
+dog.speak
+# => The dog makes a woof sound!
+
+cat = Animal.new
+# => #<Animal:0x007fdb2b83b180>
+cat.to_h
+# => {:type=>nil, :sound=>nil}
+# The class has been changed by the dog!
+```
+
+Because methods are defined on the class (unlike `OpenStruct` which defines
+methods on the object's singleton class), there is no need to define a method
+more than once. This means that, past the first time a property is added,
+the cost of setting a property drops.
+
+The results are pretty astounding. Here are the results of the benchmark in
+`bin/benchmark.rb` (including a few other `OpenStruct`-like solutions for
+comparison):
+
+```
+Initialization benchmark
+
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+          OpenStruct    11.183k i/100ms
+PersistentOpenStruct    46.448k i/100ms
+      OpenFastStruct    47.295k i/100ms
+        DynamicClass    47.797k i/100ms
+        RegularClass   101.410k i/100ms
+-------------------------------------------------
+          OpenStruct    138.431k (±13.8%) i/s -    682.163k
+PersistentOpenStruct    757.737k (± 5.3%) i/s -      3.809M
+      OpenFastStruct    783.310k (± 6.0%) i/s -      3.925M
+        DynamicClass    766.130k (± 3.6%) i/s -      3.872M
+        RegularClass      3.037M (± 7.2%) i/s -     15.110M
+
+Comparison:
+        RegularClass:  3037473.6 i/s
+      OpenFastStruct:   783309.5 i/s - 3.88x slower
+        DynamicClass:   766129.7 i/s - 3.96x slower
+PersistentOpenStruct:   757736.8 i/s - 4.01x slower
+          OpenStruct:   138430.6 i/s - 21.94x slower
+
+
+
+Assignment Benchmark
+
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+          OpenStruct   107.675k i/100ms
+PersistentOpenStruct   108.952k i/100ms
+      OpenFastStruct    59.163k i/100ms
+        DynamicClass   133.406k i/100ms
+        RegularClass   134.345k i/100ms
+-------------------------------------------------
+          OpenStruct      3.511M (± 4.2%) i/s -     17.551M
+PersistentOpenStruct      3.491M (± 4.3%) i/s -     17.432M
+      OpenFastStruct    950.760k (± 4.8%) i/s -      4.792M
+        DynamicClass      8.891M (± 5.7%) i/s -     44.291M
+        RegularClass      8.939M (± 5.8%) i/s -     44.603M
+
+Comparison:
+        RegularClass:  8939463.2 i/s
+        DynamicClass:  8890563.0 i/s - 1.01x slower
+          OpenStruct:  3511253.2 i/s - 2.55x slower
+PersistentOpenStruct:  3491119.3 i/s - 2.56x slower
+      OpenFastStruct:   950760.2 i/s - 9.40x slower
+
+
+
+Access Benchmark
+
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+          OpenStruct   121.935k i/100ms
+PersistentOpenStruct   122.673k i/100ms
+      OpenFastStruct   111.492k i/100ms
+        DynamicClass   136.066k i/100ms
+        RegularClass   135.946k i/100ms
+-------------------------------------------------
+          OpenStruct      5.603M (± 6.1%) i/s -     27.923M
+PersistentOpenStruct      5.613M (± 5.8%) i/s -     27.969M
+      OpenFastStruct      3.683M (± 6.9%) i/s -     18.396M
+        DynamicClass      9.674M (± 5.8%) i/s -     48.167M
+        RegularClass      9.809M (± 5.5%) i/s -     48.941M
+
+Comparison:
+        RegularClass:  9808944.8 i/s
+        DynamicClass:  9674457.9 i/s - 1.01x slower
+PersistentOpenStruct:  5612626.6 i/s - 1.75x slower
+          OpenStruct:  5603365.4 i/s - 1.75x slower
+      OpenFastStruct:  3683298.4 i/s - 2.66x slower
+
+
+
+All-Together Benchmark
+
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+          OpenStruct    11.371k i/100ms
+PersistentOpenStruct    41.683k i/100ms
+      OpenFastStruct    30.589k i/100ms
+        DynamicClass    52.041k i/100ms
+        RegularClass   100.225k i/100ms
+-------------------------------------------------
+          OpenStruct    136.382k (±14.6%) i/s -    659.518k
+PersistentOpenStruct    647.752k (± 4.4%) i/s -      3.251M
+      OpenFastStruct    416.183k (± 5.4%) i/s -      2.080M
+        DynamicClass    827.546k (± 4.3%) i/s -      4.163M
+        RegularClass      3.034M (± 6.6%) i/s -     15.134M
+
+Comparison:
+        RegularClass:  3033808.8 i/s
+        DynamicClass:   827546.3 i/s - 3.67x slower
+PersistentOpenStruct:   647751.5 i/s - 4.68x slower
+      OpenFastStruct:   416183.1 i/s - 7.29x slower
+          OpenStruct:   136382.0 i/s - 22.24x slower
+```
+
+`DynamicClass` is still behind plain old Ruby classes, but it's the best (or
+effectively tied for best) out of the pack when it comes to `OpenStruct` and
+friends.
+
+## Installation
+
+Add this line to your application's Gemfile:
+
+```ruby
+gem 'dynamic_class'
+```
+
+And then execute:
+
+    $ bundle
+
+Or install it yourself as:
+
+    $ gem install dynamic_class
+
+## Development
+
+After checking out the repo, run `bin/setup` to install dependencies. Then, run
+`rake spec` to run the tests. You can run the benchmark using `rake benchmark`.
+You can also run `bin/console` for an interactive prompt that will allow you to
+experiment.
+
+To install this gem onto your local machine, run `bundle exec rake install`.
+
+## Contributing
+
+Bug reports and pull requests are welcome. This project is intended to be a
+safe, welcoming space for collaboration, and contributors are expected to adhere
+to the [Contributor Covenant](http://contributor-covenant.org) code of conduct.
+
+For functionality changes or bug fixes, please include tests. For performance
+enhancements, please run the benchmarks and include results in your pull
+request.
+
+## License
+
+The gem is available as open source under the terms of the [MIT License](http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT).
+

data/Rakefile

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+require "bundler/gem_tasks"
+require "rspec/core/rake_task"
+
+RSpec::Core::RakeTask.new(:spec)
+
+desc 'Run Benchmarking Examples'
+task :benchmark do
+  require './bin/benchmark'
+end
+
+task :default => :spec

data/bin/benchmark.rb

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+require 'benchmark/ips'
+require 'dynamic_class'
+require 'ostruct'
+require 'persistent_open_struct'
+require 'ofstruct'
+
+class RegularClass
+  attr_accessor :foo
+
+  def initialize(args)
+    @foo = args[:foo]
+  end
+end
+
+MyDynamicClass = DynamicClass.new
+
+puts "Initialization benchmark\n\n"
+
+Benchmark.ips do |x|
+  input_hash = { foo: :bar }
+
+  x.report('OpenStruct') do
+    OpenStruct.new(input_hash)
+  end
+
+  x.report('PersistentOpenStruct') do
+    PersistentOpenStruct.new(input_hash)
+  end
+
+  x.report('OpenFastStruct') do
+    OpenFastStruct.new(input_hash)
+  end
+
+  x.report('DynamicClass') do
+    MyDynamicClass.new(input_hash)
+  end
+
+  x.report('RegularClass') do
+    RegularClass.new(input_hash)
+  end
+
+  x.compare!
+end
+
+puts "\n\nAssignment Benchmark\n\n"
+
+Benchmark.ips do |x|
+  os = OpenStruct.new(foo: :bar)
+  pos = PersistentOpenStruct.new(foo: :bar)
+  ofs = OpenFastStruct.new(foo: :bar)
+  dc = MyDynamicClass.new(foo: :bar)
+  rgc = RegularClass.new(foo: :bar)
+
+  x.report('OpenStruct') do
+    os.foo = :bar
+  end
+
+  x.report('PersistentOpenStruct') do
+    pos.foo = :bar
+  end
+
+  x.report('OpenFastStruct') do
+    ofs.foo = :bar
+  end
+
+  x.report('DynamicClass') do
+    dc.foo = :bar
+  end
+
+  x.report('RegularClass') do
+    rgc.foo = :bar
+  end
+
+  x.compare!
+end
+
+puts "\n\nAccess Benchmark\n\n"
+
+Benchmark.ips do |x|
+  os = OpenStruct.new(foo: :bar)
+  pos = PersistentOpenStruct.new(foo: :bar)
+  ofs = OpenFastStruct.new(foo: :bar)
+  dc = MyDynamicClass.new(foo: :bar)
+  rgc = RegularClass.new(foo: :bar)
+
+  x.report('OpenStruct') do
+    os.foo
+  end
+
+  x.report('PersistentOpenStruct') do
+    pos.foo
+  end
+
+  x.report('OpenFastStruct') do
+    ofs.foo
+  end
+
+  x.report('DynamicClass') do
+    dc.foo
+  end
+
+  x.report('RegularClass') do
+    rgc.foo
+  end
+
+  x.compare!
+end
+
+puts "\n\nAll-Together Benchmark\n\n"
+
+Benchmark.ips do |x|
+  input_hash = { foo: :bar }
+
+  x.report('OpenStruct') do
+    os = OpenStruct.new(input_hash)
+    os.foo = :bar
+    os.foo
+  end
+
+  x.report('PersistentOpenStruct') do
+    pos = PersistentOpenStruct.new(input_hash)
+    pos.foo = :bar
+    pos.foo
+  end
+
+  x.report('OpenFastStruct') do
+    ofs = OpenFastStruct.new(input_hash)
+    ofs.foo = :bar
+    ofs.foo
+  end
+
+  x.report('DynamicClass') do
+    dc = MyDynamicClass.new(input_hash)
+    dc.foo = :bar
+    dc.foo
+  end
+
+  x.report('RegularClass') do
+    rgc = RegularClass.new(input_hash)
+    rgc.foo = :bar
+    rgc.foo
+  end
+
+  x.compare!
+end

data/bin/console

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+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+
+require "bundler/setup"
+require "dynamic_class"
+
+# You can add fixtures and/or initialization code here to make experimenting
+# with your gem easier. You can also use a different console, if you like.
+
+# (If you use this, don't forget to add pry to your Gemfile!)
+# require "pry"
+# Pry.start
+
+require "irb"
+IRB.start

data/bin/setup

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+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+set -euo pipefail
+IFS=$'\n\t'
+set -vx
+
+bundle install
+
+# Do any other automated setup that you need to do here

data/dynamic_class.gemspec

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+lib = File.expand_path('../lib', __FILE__)
+$LOAD_PATH.unshift(lib) unless $LOAD_PATH.include?(lib)
+require 'dynamic_class/version'
+
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = "dynamic_class"
+  spec.version       = DynamicClass::VERSION
+  spec.authors       = ["amcaplan"]
+  spec.email         = ["ariel.caplan@mail.yu.edu"]
+
+  spec.summary       = %q{Create classes that define themselves... eventually.}
+  spec.description   = %q{Specifically designed as an OpenStruct-like tool for consuming APIs, dynamic_class lets your classes define their own getters and setters at runtime based on the data instances receive at instantiation.}
+  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/amcaplan/dynamic_class"
+  spec.license       = "MIT"
+  spec.files         = `git ls-files -z`.split("\x0").reject { |f| f.match(%r{^(test|spec|features)/}) }
+  spec.bindir        = "exe"
+  spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{^exe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+
+  spec.add_development_dependency "bundler", "~> 1.11"
+  spec.add_development_dependency "rake", "~> 10.0"
+  spec.add_development_dependency "rspec", "~> 3.0"
+  spec.add_development_dependency "ofstruct", "~> 0.2"
+  spec.add_development_dependency "persistent_open_struct", "~> 0.0"
+  spec.add_development_dependency "benchmark-ips", "~> 2.3.0"
+end

data/lib/dynamic_class/version.rb

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+module DynamicClass
+  VERSION = "0.1.0"
+end

data/lib/dynamic_class.rb

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+require "dynamic_class/version"
+require 'set'
+
+module DynamicClass
+  def self.new(&block)
+    ::Class.new(::DynamicClass::Class).tap do |klass|
+      klass.class_exec(&block) if block_given?
+    end
+  end
+
+  class Class
+    class << self
+      def attributes
+        @attributes ||= Set.new
+      end
+
+      # Always revert to original #to_h in case the parent class has already
+      # redefined #to_h.
+      def inherited(subclass)
+        subclass.class_eval <<-RUBY
+          def to_h
+            {}.tap do |hash|
+              each_pair do |key, value|
+                hash[key] = value
+              end
+            end
+          end
+        RUBY
+      end
+    end
+
+    def initialize(attributes = {})
+      attributes.each_pair do |key, value|
+        send(:[]=, key, value)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def to_h
+      {}.tap do |hash|
+        each_pair do |key, value|
+          hash[key] = value
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def []=(key, value)
+      key = key.to_sym
+      instance_variable_set(:"@#{key}", value)
+      add_methods!(key) unless self.class.attributes.include?(key)
+    end
+
+    def [](key)
+      instance_variable_get(:"@#{key}")
+    end
+
+    def each_pair
+      return to_enum(__method__) { self.class.attributes.size } unless block_given?
+      self.class.attributes.map do |attribute|
+        yield(attribute, instance_variable_get(:"@#{attribute}"))
+      end
+    end
+
+    def method_missing(mid, *args)
+      len = args.length
+      if mname = mid[/.*(?==\z)/m]
+        if len != 1
+          raise ArgumentError, "wrong number of arguments (#{len} for 1)", caller(1)
+        end
+        self[mname] = args.first
+      elsif len == 0
+        self[mid]
+      else
+        raise ArgumentError, "wrong number of arguments (#{len} for 0)", caller(1)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def delete_field(key)
+      self[key] = nil
+    end
+
+    def ==(other)
+      other.is_a?(self.class) && to_h == other.to_h
+    end
+
+    def eql?(other)
+      other.is_a?(self.class) && to_h.eql?(other.to_h)
+    end
+
+    def hash
+      to_h.hash
+    end
+
+    private
+    def add_methods!(key)
+      self.class.send(:attr_accessor, key)
+      self.class.attributes << key
+
+      # I'm pretty sure this is safe, because attempting to add an attribute
+      # that isn't a valid instance variable name will raise an error. Please
+      # contact the maintainer if you find a situation where this could be a
+      # security problem.
+      #
+      # The reason to use class_eval here is because, based on benchmarking,
+      # this defines the fastest version of #to_h possible.
+      self.class.class_eval <<-RUBY
+        def to_h
+          {
+            #{
+              self.class.attributes.map { |attribute|
+                "#{attribute.inspect} => #{attribute}"
+              }.join(",\n")
+            }
+          }
+        end
+      RUBY
+    end
+  end
+end

metadata

@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+--- !ruby/object:Gem::Specification
+name: dynamic_class
+version: !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+  version: 0.1.0
+platform: ruby
+authors:
+- amcaplan
+autorequire: 
+bindir: exe
+cert_chain: []
+date: 2016-01-31 00:00:00.000000000 Z
+dependencies:
+- !ruby/object:Gem::Dependency
+  name: bundler
+  requirement: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    requirements:
+    - - ~>
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: '1.11'
+  type: :development
+  prerelease: false
+  version_requirements: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    requirements:
+    - - ~>
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: '1.11'
+- !ruby/object:Gem::Dependency
+  name: rake
+  requirement: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    requirements:
+    - - ~>
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: '10.0'
+  type: :development
+  prerelease: false
+  version_requirements: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    requirements:
+    - - ~>
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: '10.0'
+- !ruby/object:Gem::Dependency
+  name: rspec
+  requirement: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    requirements:
+    - - ~>
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: '3.0'
+  type: :development
+  prerelease: false
+  version_requirements: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    requirements:
+    - - ~>
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: '3.0'
+- !ruby/object:Gem::Dependency
+  name: ofstruct
+  requirement: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    requirements:
+    - - ~>
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: '0.2'
+  type: :development
+  prerelease: false
+  version_requirements: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    requirements:
+    - - ~>
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: '0.2'
+- !ruby/object:Gem::Dependency
+  name: persistent_open_struct
+  requirement: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    requirements:
+    - - ~>
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: '0.0'
+  type: :development
+  prerelease: false
+  version_requirements: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    requirements:
+    - - ~>
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: '0.0'
+- !ruby/object:Gem::Dependency
+  name: benchmark-ips
+  requirement: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    requirements:
+    - - ~>
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: 2.3.0
+  type: :development
+  prerelease: false
+  version_requirements: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    requirements:
+    - - ~>
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: 2.3.0
+description: Specifically designed as an OpenStruct-like tool for consuming APIs,
+  dynamic_class lets your classes define their own getters and setters at runtime
+  based on the data instances receive at instantiation.
+email:
+- ariel.caplan@mail.yu.edu
+executables: []
+extensions: []
+extra_rdoc_files: []
+files:
+- .gitignore
+- .rspec
+- .travis.yml
+- CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md
+- Gemfile
+- LICENSE.txt
+- README.md
+- Rakefile
+- bin/benchmark.rb
+- bin/console
+- bin/setup
+- dynamic_class.gemspec
+- lib/dynamic_class.rb
+- lib/dynamic_class/version.rb
+homepage: https://github.com/amcaplan/dynamic_class
+licenses:
+- MIT
+metadata: {}
+post_install_message: 
+rdoc_options: []
+require_paths:
+- lib
+required_ruby_version: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+  requirements:
+  - - '>='
+    - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+      version: '0'
+required_rubygems_version: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+  requirements:
+  - - '>='
+    - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+      version: '0'
+requirements: []
+rubyforge_project: 
+rubygems_version: 2.0.14
+signing_key: 
+specification_version: 4
+summary: Create classes that define themselves... eventually.
+test_files: []