diff-lcs 1.6.2 → 2.0.0.beta.1

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data/CHANGELOG.md

@@ -1,5 +1,40 @@
 # Changelog
 
+## 2.0.0.beta.1 / 2025-12-31
+
+This release has significant **breaking changes**.
+
+- diff-lcs 2 supports Ruby 3.2 or higher. This allowed:
+
+  - readability improvements (endless methods, pattern matching);
+
+  - support for immutable Data classes (`Diff::LCS::Block`, `Diff::LCS::Change`,
+    and `Diff::LCS::ContextChange`);
+
+  - removal of compatibility shims;
+
+  - reduction in conditional tests in loops, especially for String character
+    extraction (compare `string ? seq[i, 1] : seq[i]` to `seq[i]`); and
+
+  - optimizations to string and relying on standard encoding support present
+    since Ruby 2.1.
+
+  The primary API (methods and class methods on `Diff::LCS`) has not changed,
+  with one exception noted below. Internal APIs (including `Diff::LCS::Block`,
+  `Diff::LCS::Change`, `Diff::LCS::ContextChange`, and `Diff::LCS::Hunk`) have
+  changed for compatibility.
+
+- The `htmldiff` binary and supporting code have been removed without
+  replacement.
+
+- `ldiff` no longer supports `ed`-script output (`ed` and `reverse_ed` formats).
+  As Baptiste Courtois says in [#108][pull-108], the "implementation was broken
+  for a while and no-one reported it."
+
+- The method `Diff::LCS.LCS` has been removed as an alias for `Diff::LCS.lcs`.
+  Most callers are using `Diff::LCS.lcs` and modern Ruby did-you-mean support
+  should assist with this update.
+
 ## 1.6.2 / 2025-05-12
 
 - Handle upcoming changes to the `cgi` gem in Ruby 3.5 ([#147][pull-147])
@@ -504,6 +539,7 @@
 [pull-103]: https://github.com/halostatue/diff-lcs/pull/103
 [pull-104]: https://github.com/halostatue/diff-lcs/pull/104
 [pull-105]: https://github.com/halostatue/diff-lcs/pull/105
+[pull-108]: https://github.com/halostatue/diff-lcs/pull/108
 [pull-129]: https://github.com/halostatue/diff-lcs/pull/129
 [pull-147]: https://github.com/halostatue/diff-lcs/pull/147
 [pull-148]: https://github.com/halostatue/diff-lcs/pull/148

data/CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -1,31 +1,32 @@
 # Contributing
 
-Contribution to diff-lcs is encouraged in any form: a bug report, a feature
-request, or code contributions. There are a few DOs and DON'Ts for
-contributions.
+Contribution to diff-lcs is encouraged: bug reports, feature requests, or code
+contributions. New features should be proposed and discussed in an
+[issue][issues].
 
-- DO:
+Before contributing patches, please read the [Licence](./LICENCE.md).
 
-  - Keep the coding style that already exists for any updated Ruby code (support
-    or otherwise). I use [Standard Ruby][standardrb] for linting and formatting.
+diff-lcs is governed under the [Contributor Covenant Code of Conduct][cccoc].
 
-  - Use thoughtfully-named topic branches for contributions. Rebase your commits
-    into logical chunks as necessary.
+## Code Guidelines
 
-  - Use [quality commit messages][qcm].
+I have several guidelines to contributing code through pull requests:
 
-  - Add your name or GitHub handle to `CONTRIBUTORS.md` and a record in the
-    `CHANGELOG.md` as a separate commit from your main change. (Follow the style
-    in the `CHANGELOG.md` and provide a link to your PR.)
+- All code changes require tests. In most cases, this will be added or updated
+  unit tests. I use [RSpec][rspec].
 
-  - Add or update tests as appropriate for your change. The test suite is
-    written in [RSpec][rspec].
+- I use code formatters, static analysis tools, and linting to ensure consistent
+  styles and formatting. There should be no warning output from test run
+  processes. I use [Standard Ruby][standardrb].
 
-  - Add or update documentation as appropriate for your change. The
-    documentation is RDoc; diff-lcs does not use extensions that may be present
-    in alternative documentation generators.
+- Proposed changes should be on a thoughtfully-named topic branch and organized
+  into logical commit chunks as appropriate.
 
-- DO NOT:
+- Use [Conventional Commits][conventional] with my
+  [conventions](#commit-conventions).
+
+- Versions must not be updated in pull requests unless otherwise directed. This
+  means that you must not:
 
   - Modify `VERSION` in `lib/diff/lcs/version.rb`. When your patch is accepted
     and a release is made, the version will be updated at that point.
@@ -36,6 +37,30 @@ contributions.
 
   - Modify the `Gemfile`.
 
+- Documentation should be added or updated as appropriate for new or updated
+  functionality. The documentation is RDoc; diff-lcs does not use extensions
+  that may be present in alternative documentation generators.
+
+- All GitHub Actions checks marked as required must pass before a pull request
+  may be accepted and merged.
+
+- Add your name or GitHub handle to `CONTRIBUTORS.md` and a record in the
+  `CHANGELOG.md` as a separate commit from your main change. (Follow the style
+  in the `CHANGELOG.md` and provide a link to your PR.)
+
+- Include your DCO sign-off in each commit message (see [LICENCE](LICENCE.md)).
+
+## AI Contribution Policy
+
+diff-lcs is a library with complex interactions and subtle decisions (some of
+them possibly even wrong). It is extremely important that contributions of any
+sort be well understood by the submitter and that the developer can attest to
+the [Developer Certificate of Origin][dco] for each pull request (see
+[LICENCE](LICENCE.md)).
+
+Any contribution (bug, feature request, or pull request) that uses undeclared AI
+output will be rejected.
+
 ## Test Dependencies
 
 diff-lcs uses Ryan Davis's [Hoe][Hoe] to manage the release process, and it adds
@@ -44,28 +69,54 @@ tests in the same way that `rake spec` does.
 
 To assist with the installation of the development dependencies for diff-lcs, I
 have provided a Gemfile pointing to the (generated) `diff-lcs.gemspec` file.
-`minitar.gemspec` file. This will permit you to use `bundle install` to install
-the dependencies.
+This will permit you to use `bundle install` to install the dependencies.
 
 You can run tests with code coverage analysis by running `rake spec:coverage`.
 
-## Workflow
+## Commit Conventions
+
+diff-lcs has adopted a variation of the Conventional Commits format for commit
+messages. The following types are permitted:
+
+| Type    | Purpose                                               |
+| ------- | ----------------------------------------------------- |
+| `feat`  | A new feature                                         |
+| `fix`   | A bug fix                                             |
+| `chore` | A code change that is neither a bug fix nor a feature |
+| `docs`  | Documentation updates                                 |
+| `deps`  | Dependency updates, including GitHub Actions.         |
+
+I encourage the use of [Tim Pope's][tpope-qcm] or [Chris Beam's][cbeams]
+guidelines on the writing of commit messages
+
+I require the use of [git][trailers1] [trailers][trailers2] for specific
+additional metadata and strongly encourage it for others. The conditionally
+required metadata trailers are:
+
+- `Breaking-Change`: if the change is a breaking change. **Do not** use the
+  shorthand form (`feat!(scope)`) or `BREAKING CHANGE`.
+
+- `Signed-off-by`: this is required for all developers except me, as outlined in
+  the [Licence](./LICENCE.md#developer-certificate-of-origin).
 
-Here's the most direct way to get your work merged into the project:
+- `Fixes` or `Resolves`: If a change fixes one or more open [issues][issues],
+  that issue must be included in the `Fixes` or `Resolves` trailer. Multiple
+  issues should be listed comma separated in the same trailer:
+  `Fixes: #1, #5, #7`, but _may_ appear in separate trailers. While both `Fixes`
+  and `Resolves` are synonyms, only _one_ should be used in a given commit or
+  pull request.
 
-- Fork the project.
-- Clone your fork (`git clone git://github.com/<username>/diff-lcs.git`).
-- Create a topic branch to contain your change
-  (`git checkout -b my_awesome_feature`).
-- Hack away, add tests. Not necessarily in that order.
-- Make sure everything still passes by running `rake`.
-- If necessary, rebase your commits into logical chunks, without errors.
-- Push the branch up (`git push origin my_awesome_feature`).
-- Create a pull request against halostatue/diff-lcs and describe what your
-  change does and the why you think it should be merged.
+- `Related to`: If a change does not fix an issue, those issue references should
+  be included in this trailer.
 
+[cbeams]: https://cbea.ms/git-commit/
+[cccoc]: ./CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md
+[conventional]: https://www.conventionalcommits.org/en/v1.0.0/
+[dco]: licences/dco.txt
 [hoe]: https://github.com/seattlerb/hoe
-[qcm]: http://tbaggery.com/2008/04/19/a-note-about-git-commit-messages.html
-[release-gem]: https://github.com/rubygems/release-gem
+[issues]: https://github.com/halostatue/diff-lcs/issues
 [rspec]: http://rspec.info/documentation/
 [standardrb]: https://github.com/standardrb/standard
+[tpope-qcm]: http://tbaggery.com/2008/04/19/a-note-about-git-commit-messages.html
+[trailers1]: https://git-scm.com/docs/git-interpret-trailers
+[trailers2]: https://git-scm.com/docs/git-commit#Documentation/git-commit.txt---trailerlttokengtltvaluegt

data/LICENCE.md

@@ -1,14 +1,17 @@
 # Licence
 
-This software is available under three licenses: the GNU GPL version 2 (or at
-your option, a later version), the Perl Artistic license, or the MIT license.
-Note that my preference for licensing is the MIT license, but Algorithm::Diff
-was dually originally licensed with the Perl Artistic and the GNU GPL ("the same
-terms as Perl itself") and given that the Ruby implementation originally hewed
-pretty closely to the Perl version, I must maintain the additional licensing
-terms.
-
-- Copyright 2004–2025 Austin Ziegler and contributors.
+- SPDX-License-Identifier: [MIT][mit] OR [GPL-2.0-or-later][gpl2-or-later] OR
+  [Artistic-1.0-Perl][artistic-perl]
+
+This software is available under three disjunctive licences: the GNU GPL version
+2 (or at your option, a later version), the Perl Artistic license, or the MIT
+license. Note that my preference for licensing is the MIT license, but
+Algorithm::Diff was dually originally licensed with the Perl Artistic and the
+GNU GPL ("the same terms as Perl itself") and given that the Ruby implementation
+originally hewed pretty closely to the Perl version, I must maintain the
+additional licensing terms.
+
+- Copyright 2004-2026 Austin Ziegler and contributors.
 - Adapted from Algorithm::Diff (Perl) by Ned Konz and a Smalltalk version by
   Mario I. Wolczko.
 
@@ -33,8 +36,33 @@ CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
 
 ## Perl Artistic License
 
-See the file docs/artistic.txt in the main distribution.
+See [licences/artistic.txt](licences/artistic.txt) in the main distribution.
 
 ## GNU GPL version 2
 
-See the file docs/COPYING.txt in the main distribution.
+See the file [licences/COPYING.txt](licences/COPYING.txt) in the main
+distribution.
+
+## Developer Certificate of Origin
+
+All contributors **must** certify they are willing and able to provide their
+contributions under the terms of _all_ of this project's licences with the
+certification of the [Developer Certificate of Origin (Version 1.1)][dco].
+
+Such certification is provided by ensuring that a `Signed-off-by`
+[commit trailer][trailer] is present on every commit:
+
+    Signed-off-by: FirstName LastName <email@example.org>
+
+The `Signed-off-by` trailer can be automatically added by git with the `-s` or
+`--signoff` option on `git commit`:
+
+```sh
+git commit --signoff
+```
+
+[artistic-perl]: https://spdx.org/licenses/Artistic-1.0-Perl.html
+[gpl2-or-later]: https://spdx.org/licenses/GPL-2.0-or-later.html
+[mit]: https://spdx.org/licenses/MIT.html
+[trailer]: https://git-scm.com/docs/git-interpret-trailers
+[dco]: licences/dco.txt

data/Manifest.txt

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-.rspec
 CHANGELOG.md
 CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md
 CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -8,24 +7,21 @@ Manifest.txt
 README.md
 Rakefile
 SECURITY.md
-bin/htmldiff
 bin/ldiff
-docs/COPYING.txt
-docs/artistic.txt
 lib/diff-lcs.rb
 lib/diff/lcs.rb
 lib/diff/lcs/array.rb
-lib/diff/lcs/backports.rb
 lib/diff/lcs/block.rb
 lib/diff/lcs/callbacks.rb
 lib/diff/lcs/change.rb
-lib/diff/lcs/htmldiff.rb
 lib/diff/lcs/hunk.rb
 lib/diff/lcs/internals.rb
 lib/diff/lcs/ldiff.rb
 lib/diff/lcs/string.rb
 lib/diff/lcs/version.rb
-mise.toml
+licenses/COPYING.txt
+licenses/artistic.txt
+licenses/dco.txt
 spec/change_spec.rb
 spec/diff_spec.rb
 spec/fixtures/123_x
@@ -51,8 +47,6 @@ spec/fixtures/ldiff/error.diff.missing_new_line2-e
 spec/fixtures/ldiff/error.diff.missing_new_line2-f
 spec/fixtures/ldiff/output.diff
 spec/fixtures/ldiff/output.diff-c
-spec/fixtures/ldiff/output.diff-e
-spec/fixtures/ldiff/output.diff-f
 spec/fixtures/ldiff/output.diff-u
 spec/fixtures/ldiff/output.diff.bin1
 spec/fixtures/ldiff/output.diff.bin1-c
@@ -66,14 +60,10 @@ spec/fixtures/ldiff/output.diff.bin2-f
 spec/fixtures/ldiff/output.diff.bin2-u
 spec/fixtures/ldiff/output.diff.chef
 spec/fixtures/ldiff/output.diff.chef-c
-spec/fixtures/ldiff/output.diff.chef-e
-spec/fixtures/ldiff/output.diff.chef-f
 spec/fixtures/ldiff/output.diff.chef-u
 spec/fixtures/ldiff/output.diff.chef2
 spec/fixtures/ldiff/output.diff.chef2-c
 spec/fixtures/ldiff/output.diff.chef2-d
-spec/fixtures/ldiff/output.diff.chef2-e
-spec/fixtures/ldiff/output.diff.chef2-f
 spec/fixtures/ldiff/output.diff.chef2-u
 spec/fixtures/ldiff/output.diff.empty.vs.four_lines
 spec/fixtures/ldiff/output.diff.empty.vs.four_lines-c

data/Rakefile

@@ -3,50 +3,23 @@ require "rspec"
 require "rspec/core/rake_task"
 require "hoe"
 require "rake/clean"
-
-MAINTENANCE = ENV["MAINTENANCE"] == "true"
-BUILD_DOCS = MAINTENANCE || ENV["DOCS"] == "true"
-TRUSTED_RELEASE = ENV["rubygems_release_gem"] == "true"
+require "rdoc/task"
 
 Hoe.plugin :halostatue
 Hoe.plugin :rubygems
 
 Hoe.plugins.delete :debug
 Hoe.plugins.delete :newb
+Hoe.plugins.delete :publish
 Hoe.plugins.delete :signing
-Hoe.plugins.delete :publish unless BUILD_DOCS
-
-if RUBY_VERSION < "1.9"
-  class Array # :nodoc:
-    def to_h
-      Hash[*flatten(1)]
-    end
-  end
-
-  class Gem::Specification # :nodoc:
-    def metadata=(*)
-    end
-
-    def default_value(*)
-    end
-  end
 
-  class Object # :nodoc:
-    def caller_locations(*)
-      []
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-_spec = Hoe.spec "diff-lcs" do
+hoe = Hoe.spec "diff-lcs" do
   developer("Austin Ziegler", "halostatue@gmail.com")
 
-  self.trusted_release = TRUSTED_RELEASE
+  self.trusted_release = ENV["rubygems_release_gem"] == "true"
 
-  require_ruby_version ">= 1.8"
+  require_ruby_version ">= 3.2.0", "< 5"
 
-  self.history_file = "CHANGELOG.md"
-  self.readme_file = "README.md"
   self.licenses = ["MIT", "Artistic-1.0-Perl", "GPL-2.0-or-later"]
 
   spec_extras[:metadata] = ->(val) {
@@ -54,19 +27,15 @@ _spec = Hoe.spec "diff-lcs" do
   }
 
   extra_dev_deps << ["hoe", "~> 4.0"]
-  extra_dev_deps << ["hoe-halostatue", "~> 2.0"]
-  extra_dev_deps << ["hoe-rubygems", "~> 1.0"]
+  extra_dev_deps << ["hoe-halostatue", "~> 2.1", ">= 2.1.1"]
   extra_dev_deps << ["rspec", ">= 2.0", "< 4"]
   extra_dev_deps << ["rake", ">= 10.0", "< 14"]
   extra_dev_deps << ["rdoc", ">= 6.3.1", "< 7"]
-end
-
-if BUILD_DOCS
-  rake_tasks = Rake.application.instance_variable_get(:@tasks)
-  tasks = ["publish_docs", "publish_on_announce", "debug_email", "post_blog", "announce"]
-  tasks.each do |task|
-    rake_tasks.delete(task)
-  end
+  extra_dev_deps << ["simplecov", "~> 0.9"]
+  extra_dev_deps << ["simplecov-lcov", "~> 0.9"]
+  extra_dev_deps << ["standard", "~> 1.50"]
+  extra_dev_deps << ["standard-thread_safety", "~> 1.0"]
+  extra_dev_deps << ["fasterer", "~> 0.11"]
 end
 
 desc "Run all specifications"
@@ -75,41 +44,30 @@ RSpec::Core::RakeTask.new(:spec) do |t|
   t.rspec_opts = ["-I#{rspec_dirs}"]
 end
 
-task :version do
-  require "diff/lcs/version"
-  puts Diff::LCS::VERSION
+namespace :spec do
+  desc "Runs test coverage. Only works Ruby 2.0+ and assumes 'simplecov' is installed."
+  task :coverage do
+    Rake::Task["spec"].execute
+  end
 end
 
+task coverage: "spec:coverage"
 Rake::Task["spec"].actions.uniq! { |a| a.source_location }
 
-# standard:disable Style/HashSyntax
-task :default => :spec unless Rake::Task["default"].prereqs.include?("spec")
-task :test => :spec unless Rake::Task["test"].prereqs.include?("spec")
-# standard:enable Style/HashSyntax
+task default: :spec unless Rake::Task["default"].prereqs.include?("spec")
+task test: :spec unless Rake::Task["test"].prereqs.include?("spec")
 
-if RUBY_VERSION >= "3.0" && RUBY_ENGINE == "ruby"
-  namespace :spec do
-    desc "Runs test coverage. Only works Ruby 2.0+ and assumes 'simplecov' is installed."
-    task :coverage do
-      ENV["COVERAGE"] = "true"
-      Rake::Task["spec"].execute
-    end
-  end
+task :version do
+  require "diff/lcs/version"
+  puts Diff::LCS::VERSION
 end
 
-if MAINTENANCE
-  task ruby18: :package do
-    require "diff/lcs/version"
-    # standard:disable Layout/HeredocIndentation
-    puts <<-MESSAGE
-You are starting a barebones Ruby 1.8 docker environment for testing.
-A snapshot package has been built, so install it with:
-
-    cd diff-lcs
-    gem install pkg/diff-lcs-#{Diff::LCS::VERSION}
-
-    MESSAGE
-    # standard:enable Layout/HeredocIndentation
-    sh "docker run -it --rm -v #{Dir.pwd}:/root/diff-lcs bellbind/docker-ruby18-rails2 bash -l"
-  end
+RDoc::Task.new do |config|
+  config.title = "diff-lcs"
+  # config.main = "lib/diff/lcs.rb"
+  config.main = "README.md"
+  config.rdoc_dir = "doc"
+  config.rdoc_files = hoe.spec.require_paths - ["Manifest.txt"] + hoe.spec.extra_rdoc_files
+  config.markup = "markdown"
 end
+task docs: :rerdoc

data/SECURITY.md

@@ -1,41 +1,45 @@
 # diff-lcs Security
 
+## LLM-Generated Security Report Policy
+
+Absolutely no security reports will be accepted that have been generated by LLM
+agents.
+
 ## Supported Versions
 
-Security reports are accepted for the most recent major release and the previous
-version for a limited time after the initial major release version. After a
-major release, the previous version will receive full support for six months and
-security support for an additional six months (for a total of twelve months).
+Security reports are accepted for the most recent major release, with a limited
+window of support after the initial major release.
 
-Because diff-lcs 1.x supports a wide range of Ruby versions, security reports
-will only be accepted when they can be demonstrated on Ruby 3.1 or higher.
+- Bug reports will be accepted up to three months after release.
+- Security reports will be accepted up to six months after release.
 
-> [!information]
->
-> There will be a diff-lcs 2.0 released in 2025 which narrows support to modern
-> versions of Ruby only.
+All issues raised must be demonstrated on the minimum supported Ruby version.
+
+> [!important]
 >
-> | Release Date | Support Ends | Security Support Ends |
-> | ------------ | ------------ | --------------------- |
-> | 2025         | +6 months    | +12 months            |
+> Because diff-lcs 1 has been the only version for over twenty years, security
+> reports will be accepted for one year after the release of diff-lcs 2.
 >
-> If the 2.0.0 release happens on 2025-07-01, regular support for diff-lcs 1.x
-> will end on 2026-12-31 and security support for diff-lcs 1.x will end on
-> 2026-06-30.
+> | Version | Release Date | Support Ends | Security Support Ends |
+> | ------- | ------------ | ------------ | --------------------- |
+> | 1.x     | 2010         | 2026-04-30   | 2027-01-31            |
+> | 2.x     | 2026-01-31   | -            | -                     |
 
 ## Reporting a Vulnerability
 
-By preference, use the [Tidelift security contact][tidelift]. Tidelift will
-coordinate the fix and disclosure.
+Report vulnerabilities via the [Tidelift security contact][tidelift]. Tidelift
+will coordinate the fix and disclosure.
 
-Alternatively, Send an email to [diff-lcs@halostatue.ca][email] with the text
-`Diff::LCS` in the subject. Emails sent to this address should be encrypted
-using [age][age] with the following public key:
+Alternatively, create a [private vulnerability report][advisory] with GitHub or
+send an email to [security@ruby.halostatue.ca][email] with the text `diff-lcs`
+in the subject. Emails sent to this address should be encrypted using [age][age]
+with the following public key:
 
 ```
 age1fc6ngxmn02m62fej5cl30lrvwmxn4k3q2atqu53aatekmnqfwumqj4g93w
 ```
 
-[tidelift]: https://tidelift.com/security
-[email]: mailto:diff-lcs@halostatue.ca
+[advisory]: https://github.com/halostatue/diff-lcs/security/advisories/new
 [age]: https://github.com/FiloSottile/age
+[email]: mailto:security@ruby.halostatue.ca
+[tidelift]: https://tidelift.com/security

data/lib/diff/lcs/block.rb

@@ -1,37 +1,42 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
-# A block is an operation removing, adding, or changing a group of items.
-# Basically, this is just a list of changes, where each change adds or
-# deletes a single item. Used by bin/ldiff.
-class Diff::LCS::Block
-  attr_reader :changes, :insert, :remove
+Diff::LCS::Block = Data.define(:changes, :insert, :remove) # :nodoc:
 
-  def initialize(chunk)
-    @changes = []
-    @insert = []
-    @remove = []
+# A block is an operation removing, adding, or changing a group of items, a list of
+# changes, where each change adds or deletes a single item.
+#
+# Used by bin/ldiff.
+class Diff::LCS::Block
+  def self.from_chunk(chunk)
+    changes, insert, remove = [], [], []
 
-    chunk.each do |item|
-      @changes << item
-      @remove << item if item.deleting?
-      @insert << item if item.adding?
+    chunk.each do
+      changes << _1
+      remove << _1 if _1.deleting?
+      insert << _1 if _1.adding?
     end
+
+    new(changes: changes.freeze, remove: remove.freeze, insert: insert.freeze)
   end
 
-  def diff_size
-    @insert.size - @remove.size
+  class << self
+    private :new, :[]
   end
 
+  private :with
+
+  def diff_size = insert.size - remove.size
+
   def op
-    case [@remove.empty?, @insert.empty?]
-    when [false, false]
-      "!"
-    when [false, true]
-      "-"
-    when [true, false]
-      "+"
-    else # [true, true]
-      "^"
+    case [remove, insert]
+    # Unchanged
+    in [[], []] then "^"
+    # Delete
+    in [_, []] then "-"
+    # Insert
+    in [[], _] then "+"
+    # Conflict
+    in [_, _] then "!"
     end
   end
 end