coffee_middleware 0.0.1

checksums.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+---
+SHA1:
+  metadata.gz: 0ef8b61276fe4b4d83e1e2df5522f642bb23145e
+  data.tar.gz: e3ddf619ec3523bef5b304fdb9574ec6da399f2d
+SHA512:
+  metadata.gz: 5481359b26426d994183798a11cc061dcbf1c5f1e234bab27eafdf1608bf54d5f16f6565043057bfa0d37f0f35722a59544f5d21e94c213e0bcbc9a50d298854
+  data.tar.gz: 31d81d2400bfe0b36fc43fd1c46308c1d05df47ad9ac1d9a693cdb63c0e5a59fd6970516a06b5225db7acabd6c074a3554b2c9c8730b2c8a825990cb9061f791

data/Rakefile

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+require "bundler/gem_tasks"

data/lib/coffee_middleware.rb

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+require "coffee_middleware/version"
+require "rails"
+
+module CoffeeMiddleware
+  class Engine < Rails::Engine
+  end
+end

data/lib/coffee_middleware/version.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+module CoffeeMiddleware
+  VERSION = "0.0.1"
+end

data/lib/generators/coffee_middleware/install/install_generator.rb

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+require "generators/coffee_middleware/resource_helpers"
+
+module CoffeeMiddleware
+  module Generators
+    class InstallGenerator < Rails::Generators::Base
+      include CoffeeMiddleware::Generators::ResourceHelpers
+
+      source_root File.expand_path("../templates", __FILE__)
+
+      desc "This generator installs Coffee Middleware in app/assets/javascripts/application"
+
+      class_option :skip_git, :type => :boolean, :aliases => "-G", :default => false,
+                   :desc => "Skip Git ignores and keeps"
+
+      def inject_middleware
+        inject_into_file "app/assets/javascripts/application.js", :after => "//= require jquery_ujs" do
+          "\n//= require underscore\n//= require backbone\n//= require coffee_middleware\n//= require application/#{application_name.underscore}"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def create_dir_layout
+        %W{models views}.each do |dir|
+          empty_directory "app/assets/javascripts/application/#{dir}"
+          create_file "app/assets/javascripts/application/#{dir}/.gitkeep" unless options[:skip_git]
+        end
+      end
+
+      def create_app_file
+        template "app.coffee", "app/assets/javascripts/application/#{application_name.underscore}.js.coffee"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/generators/coffee_middleware/install/templates/app.coffee

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+#= require_self
+#= require_tree ./models
+#= require_tree ./views
+
+window.<%= js_app_name %> = {
+  Models: {}
+  Views:  {}
+  }
+
+window.CoffeeMiddleware.Env = new CoffeeMiddleware.System.Env

data/lib/generators/coffee_middleware/resource_helpers.rb

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+module CoffeeMiddleware
+  module Generators
+    module ResourceHelpers
+
+      def coffee_middleware_path
+        "app/assets/javascripts/application"
+      end
+
+      def js_app_name
+        application_name.camelize
+      end
+
+      def application_name
+        if defined?(Rails) && Rails.application
+          Rails.application.class.name.split('::').first
+        else
+          "application"
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/vendor/assets/javascripts/backbone.js

@@ -0,0 +1,1571 @@
+//     Backbone.js 1.0.0
+
+//     (c) 2010-2013 Jeremy Ashkenas, DocumentCloud Inc.
+//     Backbone may be freely distributed under the MIT license.
+//     For all details and documentation:
+//     http://backbonejs.org
+
+(function(){
+
+    // Initial Setup
+    // -------------
+
+    // Save a reference to the global object (`window` in the browser, `exports`
+    // on the server).
+    var root = this;
+
+    // Save the previous value of the `Backbone` variable, so that it can be
+    // restored later on, if `noConflict` is used.
+    var previousBackbone = root.Backbone;
+
+    // Create local references to array methods we'll want to use later.
+    var array = [];
+    var push = array.push;
+    var slice = array.slice;
+    var splice = array.splice;
+
+    // The top-level namespace. All public Backbone classes and modules will
+    // be attached to this. Exported for both the browser and the server.
+    var Backbone;
+    if (typeof exports !== 'undefined') {
+        Backbone = exports;
+    } else {
+        Backbone = root.Backbone = {};
+    }
+
+    // Current version of the library. Keep in sync with `package.json`.
+    Backbone.VERSION = '1.0.0';
+
+    // Require Underscore, if we're on the server, and it's not already present.
+    var _ = root._;
+    if (!_ && (typeof require !== 'undefined')) _ = require('underscore');
+
+    // For Backbone's purposes, jQuery, Zepto, Ender, or My Library (kidding) owns
+    // the `$` variable.
+    Backbone.$ = root.jQuery || root.Zepto || root.ender || root.$;
+
+    // Runs Backbone.js in *noConflict* mode, returning the `Backbone` variable
+    // to its previous owner. Returns a reference to this Backbone object.
+    Backbone.noConflict = function() {
+        root.Backbone = previousBackbone;
+        return this;
+    };
+
+    // Turn on `emulateHTTP` to support legacy HTTP servers. Setting this option
+    // will fake `"PUT"` and `"DELETE"` requests via the `_method` parameter and
+    // set a `X-Http-Method-Override` header.
+    Backbone.emulateHTTP = false;
+
+    // Turn on `emulateJSON` to support legacy servers that can't deal with direct
+    // `application/json` requests ... will encode the body as
+    // `application/x-www-form-urlencoded` instead and will send the model in a
+    // form param named `model`.
+    Backbone.emulateJSON = false;
+
+    // Backbone.Events
+    // ---------------
+
+    // A module that can be mixed in to *any object* in order to provide it with
+    // custom events. You may bind with `on` or remove with `off` callback
+    // functions to an event; `trigger`-ing an event fires all callbacks in
+    // succession.
+    //
+    //     var object = {};
+    //     _.extend(object, Backbone.Events);
+    //     object.on('expand', function(){ alert('expanded'); });
+    //     object.trigger('expand');
+    //
+    var Events = Backbone.Events = {
+
+        // Bind an event to a `callback` function. Passing `"all"` will bind
+        // the callback to all events fired.
+        on: function(name, callback, context) {
+            if (!eventsApi(this, 'on', name, [callback, context]) || !callback) return this;
+            this._events || (this._events = {});
+            var events = this._events[name] || (this._events[name] = []);
+            events.push({callback: callback, context: context, ctx: context || this});
+            return this;
+        },
+
+        // Bind an event to only be triggered a single time. After the first time
+        // the callback is invoked, it will be removed.
+        once: function(name, callback, context) {
+            if (!eventsApi(this, 'once', name, [callback, context]) || !callback) return this;
+            var self = this;
+            var once = _.once(function() {
+                self.off(name, once);
+                callback.apply(this, arguments);
+            });
+            once._callback = callback;
+            return this.on(name, once, context);
+        },
+
+        // Remove one or many callbacks. If `context` is null, removes all
+        // callbacks with that function. If `callback` is null, removes all
+        // callbacks for the event. If `name` is null, removes all bound
+        // callbacks for all events.
+        off: function(name, callback, context) {
+            var retain, ev, events, names, i, l, j, k;
+            if (!this._events || !eventsApi(this, 'off', name, [callback, context])) return this;
+            if (!name && !callback && !context) {
+                this._events = {};
+                return this;
+            }
+
+            names = name ? [name] : _.keys(this._events);
+            for (i = 0, l = names.length; i < l; i++) {
+                name = names[i];
+                if (events = this._events[name]) {
+                    this._events[name] = retain = [];
+                    if (callback || context) {
+                        for (j = 0, k = events.length; j < k; j++) {
+                            ev = events[j];
+                            if ((callback && callback !== ev.callback && callback !== ev.callback._callback) ||
+                                (context && context !== ev.context)) {
+                                retain.push(ev);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if (!retain.length) delete this._events[name];
+                }
+            }
+
+            return this;
+        },
+
+        // Trigger one or many events, firing all bound callbacks. Callbacks are
+        // passed the same arguments as `trigger` is, apart from the event name
+        // (unless you're listening on `"all"`, which will cause your callback to
+        // receive the true name of the event as the first argument).
+        trigger: function(name) {
+            if (!this._events) return this;
+            var args = slice.call(arguments, 1);
+            if (!eventsApi(this, 'trigger', name, args)) return this;
+            var events = this._events[name];
+            var allEvents = this._events.all;
+            if (events) triggerEvents(events, args);
+            if (allEvents) triggerEvents(allEvents, arguments);
+            return this;
+        },
+
+        // Tell this object to stop listening to either specific events ... or
+        // to every object it's currently listening to.
+        stopListening: function(obj, name, callback) {
+            var listeners = this._listeners;
+            if (!listeners) return this;
+            var deleteListener = !name && !callback;
+            if (typeof name === 'object') callback = this;
+            if (obj) (listeners = {})[obj._listenerId] = obj;
+            for (var id in listeners) {
+                listeners[id].off(name, callback, this);
+                if (deleteListener) delete this._listeners[id];
+            }
+            return this;
+        }
+
+    };
+
+    // Regular expression used to split event strings.
+    var eventSplitter = /\s+/;
+
+    // Implement fancy features of the Events API such as multiple event
+    // names `"change blur"` and jQuery-style event maps `{change: action}`
+    // in terms of the existing API.
+    var eventsApi = function(obj, action, name, rest) {
+        if (!name) return true;
+
+        // Handle event maps.
+        if (typeof name === 'object') {
+            for (var key in name) {
+                obj[action].apply(obj, [key, name[key]].concat(rest));
+            }
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // Handle space separated event names.
+        if (eventSplitter.test(name)) {
+            var names = name.split(eventSplitter);
+            for (var i = 0, l = names.length; i < l; i++) {
+                obj[action].apply(obj, [names[i]].concat(rest));
+            }
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    };
+
+    // A difficult-to-believe, but optimized internal dispatch function for
+    // triggering events. Tries to keep the usual cases speedy (most internal
+    // Backbone events have 3 arguments).
+    var triggerEvents = function(events, args) {
+        var ev, i = -1, l = events.length, a1 = args[0], a2 = args[1], a3 = args[2];
+        switch (args.length) {
+            case 0: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx); return;
+            case 1: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx, a1); return;
+            case 2: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx, a1, a2); return;
+            case 3: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx, a1, a2, a3); return;
+            default: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.apply(ev.ctx, args);
+        }
+    };
+
+    var listenMethods = {listenTo: 'on', listenToOnce: 'once'};
+
+    // Inversion-of-control versions of `on` and `once`. Tell *this* object to
+    // listen to an event in another object ... keeping track of what it's
+    // listening to.
+    _.each(listenMethods, function(implementation, method) {
+        Events[method] = function(obj, name, callback) {
+            var listeners = this._listeners || (this._listeners = {});
+            var id = obj._listenerId || (obj._listenerId = _.uniqueId('l'));
+            listeners[id] = obj;
+            if (typeof name === 'object') callback = this;
+            obj[implementation](name, callback, this);
+            return this;
+        };
+    });
+
+    // Aliases for backwards compatibility.
+    Events.bind   = Events.on;
+    Events.unbind = Events.off;
+
+    // Allow the `Backbone` object to serve as a global event bus, for folks who
+    // want global "pubsub" in a convenient place.
+    _.extend(Backbone, Events);
+
+    // Backbone.Model
+    // --------------
+
+    // Backbone **Models** are the basic data object in the framework --
+    // frequently representing a row in a table in a database on your server.
+    // A discrete chunk of data and a bunch of useful, related methods for
+    // performing computations and transformations on that data.
+
+    // Create a new model with the specified attributes. A client id (`cid`)
+    // is automatically generated and assigned for you.
+    var Model = Backbone.Model = function(attributes, options) {
+        var defaults;
+        var attrs = attributes || {};
+        options || (options = {});
+        this.cid = _.uniqueId('c');
+        this.attributes = {};
+        _.extend(this, _.pick(options, modelOptions));
+        if (options.parse) attrs = this.parse(attrs, options) || {};
+        if (defaults = _.result(this, 'defaults')) {
+            attrs = _.defaults({}, attrs, defaults);
+        }
+        this.set(attrs, options);
+        this.changed = {};
+        this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
+    };
+
+    // A list of options to be attached directly to the model, if provided.
+    var modelOptions = ['url', 'urlRoot', 'collection'];
+
+    // Attach all inheritable methods to the Model prototype.
+    _.extend(Model.prototype, Events, {
+
+        // A hash of attributes whose current and previous value differ.
+        changed: null,
+
+        // The value returned during the last failed validation.
+        validationError: null,
+
+        // The default name for the JSON `id` attribute is `"id"`. MongoDB and
+        // CouchDB users may want to set this to `"_id"`.
+        idAttribute: 'id',
+
+        // Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own
+        // initialization logic.
+        initialize: function(){},
+
+        // Return a copy of the model's `attributes` object.
+        toJSON: function(options) {
+            return _.clone(this.attributes);
+        },
+
+        // Proxy `Backbone.sync` by default -- but override this if you need
+        // custom syncing semantics for *this* particular model.
+        sync: function() {
+            return Backbone.sync.apply(this, arguments);
+        },
+
+        // Get the value of an attribute.
+        get: function(attr) {
+            return this.attributes[attr];
+        },
+
+        // Get the HTML-escaped value of an attribute.
+        escape: function(attr) {
+            return _.escape(this.get(attr));
+        },
+
+        // Returns `true` if the attribute contains a value that is not null
+        // or undefined.
+        has: function(attr) {
+            return this.get(attr) != null;
+        },
+
+        // Set a hash of model attributes on the object, firing `"change"`. This is
+        // the core primitive operation of a model, updating the data and notifying
+        // anyone who needs to know about the change in state. The heart of the beast.
+        set: function(key, val, options) {
+            var attr, attrs, unset, changes, silent, changing, prev, current;
+            if (key == null) return this;
+
+            // Handle both `"key", value` and `{key: value}` -style arguments.
+            if (typeof key === 'object') {
+                attrs = key;
+                options = val;
+            } else {
+                (attrs = {})[key] = val;
+            }
+
+            options || (options = {});
+
+            // Run validation.
+            if (!this._validate(attrs, options)) return false;
+
+            // Extract attributes and options.
+            unset           = options.unset;
+            silent          = options.silent;
+            changes         = [];
+            changing        = this._changing;
+            this._changing  = true;
+
+            if (!changing) {
+                this._previousAttributes = _.clone(this.attributes);
+                this.changed = {};
+            }
+            current = this.attributes, prev = this._previousAttributes;
+
+            // Check for changes of `id`.
+            if (this.idAttribute in attrs) this.id = attrs[this.idAttribute];
+
+            // For each `set` attribute, update or delete the current value.
+            for (attr in attrs) {
+                val = attrs[attr];
+                if (!_.isEqual(current[attr], val)) changes.push(attr);
+                if (!_.isEqual(prev[attr], val)) {
+                    this.changed[attr] = val;
+                } else {
+                    delete this.changed[attr];
+                }
+                unset ? delete current[attr] : current[attr] = val;
+            }
+
+            // Trigger all relevant attribute changes.
+            if (!silent) {
+                if (changes.length) this._pending = true;
+                for (var i = 0, l = changes.length; i < l; i++) {
+                    this.trigger('change:' + changes[i], this, current[changes[i]], options);
+                }
+            }
+
+            // You might be wondering why there's a `while` loop here. Changes can
+            // be recursively nested within `"change"` events.
+            if (changing) return this;
+            if (!silent) {
+                while (this._pending) {
+                    this._pending = false;
+                    this.trigger('change', this, options);
+                }
+            }
+            this._pending = false;
+            this._changing = false;
+            return this;
+        },
+
+        // Remove an attribute from the model, firing `"change"`. `unset` is a noop
+        // if the attribute doesn't exist.
+        unset: function(attr, options) {
+            return this.set(attr, void 0, _.extend({}, options, {unset: true}));
+        },
+
+        // Clear all attributes on the model, firing `"change"`.
+        clear: function(options) {
+            var attrs = {};
+            for (var key in this.attributes) attrs[key] = void 0;
+            return this.set(attrs, _.extend({}, options, {unset: true}));
+        },
+
+        // Determine if the model has changed since the last `"change"` event.
+        // If you specify an attribute name, determine if that attribute has changed.
+        hasChanged: function(attr) {
+            if (attr == null) return !_.isEmpty(this.changed);
+            return _.has(this.changed, attr);
+        },
+
+        // Return an object containing all the attributes that have changed, or
+        // false if there are no changed attributes. Useful for determining what
+        // parts of a view need to be updated and/or what attributes need to be
+        // persisted to the server. Unset attributes will be set to undefined.
+        // You can also pass an attributes object to diff against the model,
+        // determining if there *would be* a change.
+        changedAttributes: function(diff) {
+            if (!diff) return this.hasChanged() ? _.clone(this.changed) : false;
+            var val, changed = false;
+            var old = this._changing ? this._previousAttributes : this.attributes;
+            for (var attr in diff) {
+                if (_.isEqual(old[attr], (val = diff[attr]))) continue;
+                (changed || (changed = {}))[attr] = val;
+            }
+            return changed;
+        },
+
+        // Get the previous value of an attribute, recorded at the time the last
+        // `"change"` event was fired.
+        previous: function(attr) {
+            if (attr == null || !this._previousAttributes) return null;
+            return this._previousAttributes[attr];
+        },
+
+        // Get all of the attributes of the model at the time of the previous
+        // `"change"` event.
+        previousAttributes: function() {
+            return _.clone(this._previousAttributes);
+        },
+
+        // Fetch the model from the server. If the server's representation of the
+        // model differs from its current attributes, they will be overridden,
+        // triggering a `"change"` event.
+        fetch: function(options) {
+            options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};
+            if (options.parse === void 0) options.parse = true;
+            var model = this;
+            var success = options.success;
+            options.success = function(resp) {
+                if (!model.set(model.parse(resp, options), options)) return false;
+                if (success) success(model, resp, options);
+                model.trigger('sync', model, resp, options);
+            };
+            wrapError(this, options);
+            return this.sync('read', this, options);
+        },
+
+        // Set a hash of model attributes, and sync the model to the server.
+        // If the server returns an attributes hash that differs, the model's
+        // state will be `set` again.
+        save: function(key, val, options) {
+            var attrs, method, xhr, attributes = this.attributes;
+
+            // Handle both `"key", value` and `{key: value}` -style arguments.
+            if (key == null || typeof key === 'object') {
+                attrs = key;
+                options = val;
+            } else {
+                (attrs = {})[key] = val;
+            }
+
+            // If we're not waiting and attributes exist, save acts as `set(attr).save(null, opts)`.
+            if (attrs && (!options || !options.wait) && !this.set(attrs, options)) return false;
+
+            options = _.extend({validate: true}, options);
+
+            // Do not persist invalid models.
+            if (!this._validate(attrs, options)) return false;
+
+            // Set temporary attributes if `{wait: true}`.
+            if (attrs && options.wait) {
+                this.attributes = _.extend({}, attributes, attrs);
+            }
+
+            // After a successful server-side save, the client is (optionally)
+            // updated with the server-side state.
+            if (options.parse === void 0) options.parse = true;
+            var model = this;
+            var success = options.success;
+            options.success = function(resp) {
+                // Ensure attributes are restored during synchronous saves.
+                model.attributes = attributes;
+                var serverAttrs = model.parse(resp, options);
+                if (options.wait) serverAttrs = _.extend(attrs || {}, serverAttrs);
+                if (_.isObject(serverAttrs) && !model.set(serverAttrs, options)) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                if (success) success(model, resp, options);
+                model.trigger('sync', model, resp, options);
+            };
+            wrapError(this, options);
+
+            method = this.isNew() ? 'create' : (options.patch ? 'patch' : 'update');
+            if (method === 'patch') options.attrs = attrs;
+            xhr = this.sync(method, this, options);
+
+            // Restore attributes.
+            if (attrs && options.wait) this.attributes = attributes;
+
+            return xhr;
+        },
+
+        // Destroy this model on the server if it was already persisted.
+        // Optimistically removes the model from its collection, if it has one.
+        // If `wait: true` is passed, waits for the server to respond before removal.
+        destroy: function(options) {
+            options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};
+            var model = this;
+            var success = options.success;
+
+            var destroy = function() {
+                model.trigger('destroy', model, model.collection, options);
+            };
+
+            options.success = function(resp) {
+                if (options.wait || model.isNew()) destroy();
+                if (success) success(model, resp, options);
+                if (!model.isNew()) model.trigger('sync', model, resp, options);
+            };
+
+            if (this.isNew()) {
+                options.success();
+                return false;
+            }
+            wrapError(this, options);
+
+            var xhr = this.sync('delete', this, options);
+            if (!options.wait) destroy();
+            return xhr;
+        },
+
+        // Default URL for the model's representation on the server -- if you're
+        // using Backbone's restful methods, override this to change the endpoint
+        // that will be called.
+        url: function() {
+            var base = _.result(this, 'urlRoot') || _.result(this.collection, 'url') || urlError();
+            if (this.isNew()) return base;
+            return base + (base.charAt(base.length - 1) === '/' ? '' : '/') + encodeURIComponent(this.id);
+        },
+
+        // **parse** converts a response into the hash of attributes to be `set` on
+        // the model. The default implementation is just to pass the response along.
+        parse: function(resp, options) {
+            return resp;
+        },
+
+        // Create a new model with identical attributes to this one.
+        clone: function() {
+            return new this.constructor(this.attributes);
+        },
+
+        // A model is new if it has never been saved to the server, and lacks an id.
+        isNew: function() {
+            return this.id == null;
+        },
+
+        // Check if the model is currently in a valid state.
+        isValid: function(options) {
+            return this._validate({}, _.extend(options || {}, { validate: true }));
+        },
+
+        // Run validation against the next complete set of model attributes,
+        // returning `true` if all is well. Otherwise, fire an `"invalid"` event.
+        _validate: function(attrs, options) {
+            if (!options.validate || !this.validate) return true;
+            attrs = _.extend({}, this.attributes, attrs);
+            var error = this.validationError = this.validate(attrs, options) || null;
+            if (!error) return true;
+            this.trigger('invalid', this, error, _.extend(options || {}, {validationError: error}));
+            return false;
+        }
+
+    });
+
+    // Underscore methods that we want to implement on the Model.
+    var modelMethods = ['keys', 'values', 'pairs', 'invert', 'pick', 'omit'];
+
+    // Mix in each Underscore method as a proxy to `Model#attributes`.
+    _.each(modelMethods, function(method) {
+        Model.prototype[method] = function() {
+            var args = slice.call(arguments);
+            args.unshift(this.attributes);
+            return _[method].apply(_, args);
+        };
+    });
+
+    // Backbone.Collection
+    // -------------------
+
+    // If models tend to represent a single row of data, a Backbone Collection is
+    // more analagous to a table full of data ... or a small slice or page of that
+    // table, or a collection of rows that belong together for a particular reason
+    // -- all of the messages in this particular folder, all of the documents
+    // belonging to this particular author, and so on. Collections maintain
+    // indexes of their models, both in order, and for lookup by `id`.
+
+    // Create a new **Collection**, perhaps to contain a specific type of `model`.
+    // If a `comparator` is specified, the Collection will maintain
+    // its models in sort order, as they're added and removed.
+    var Collection = Backbone.Collection = function(models, options) {
+        options || (options = {});
+        if (options.url) this.url = options.url;
+        if (options.model) this.model = options.model;
+        if (options.comparator !== void 0) this.comparator = options.comparator;
+        this._reset();
+        this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
+        if (models) this.reset(models, _.extend({silent: true}, options));
+    };
+
+    // Default options for `Collection#set`.
+    var setOptions = {add: true, remove: true, merge: true};
+    var addOptions = {add: true, merge: false, remove: false};
+
+    // Define the Collection's inheritable methods.
+    _.extend(Collection.prototype, Events, {
+
+        // The default model for a collection is just a **Backbone.Model**.
+        // This should be overridden in most cases.
+        model: Model,
+
+        // Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own
+        // initialization logic.
+        initialize: function(){},
+
+        // The JSON representation of a Collection is an array of the
+        // models' attributes.
+        toJSON: function(options) {
+            return this.map(function(model){ return model.toJSON(options); });
+        },
+
+        // Proxy `Backbone.sync` by default.
+        sync: function() {
+            return Backbone.sync.apply(this, arguments);
+        },
+
+        // Add a model, or list of models to the set.
+        add: function(models, options) {
+            return this.set(models, _.defaults(options || {}, addOptions));
+        },
+
+        // Remove a model, or a list of models from the set.
+        remove: function(models, options) {
+            models = _.isArray(models) ? models.slice() : [models];
+            options || (options = {});
+            var i, l, index, model;
+            for (i = 0, l = models.length; i < l; i++) {
+                model = this.get(models[i]);
+                if (!model) continue;
+                delete this._byId[model.id];
+                delete this._byId[model.cid];
+                index = this.indexOf(model);
+                this.models.splice(index, 1);
+                this.length--;
+                if (!options.silent) {
+                    options.index = index;
+                    model.trigger('remove', model, this, options);
+                }
+                this._removeReference(model);
+            }
+            return this;
+        },
+
+        // Update a collection by `set`-ing a new list of models, adding new ones,
+        // removing models that are no longer present, and merging models that
+        // already exist in the collection, as necessary. Similar to **Model#set**,
+        // the core operation for updating the data contained by the collection.
+        set: function(models, options) {
+            options = _.defaults(options || {}, setOptions);
+            if (options.parse) models = this.parse(models, options);
+            if (!_.isArray(models)) models = models ? [models] : [];
+            var i, l, model, attrs, existing, sort;
+            var at = options.at;
+            var sortable = this.comparator && (at == null) && options.sort !== false;
+            var sortAttr = _.isString(this.comparator) ? this.comparator : null;
+            var toAdd = [], toRemove = [], modelMap = {};
+
+            // Turn bare objects into model references, and prevent invalid models
+            // from being added.
+            for (i = 0, l = models.length; i < l; i++) {
+                if (!(model = this._prepareModel(models[i], options))) continue;
+
+                // If a duplicate is found, prevent it from being added and
+                // optionally merge it into the existing model.
+                if (existing = this.get(model)) {
+                    if (options.remove) modelMap[existing.cid] = true;
+                    if (options.merge) {
+                        existing.set(model.attributes, options);
+                        if (sortable && !sort && existing.hasChanged(sortAttr)) sort = true;
+                    }
+
+                    // This is a new model, push it to the `toAdd` list.
+                } else if (options.add) {
+                    toAdd.push(model);
+
+                    // Listen to added models' events, and index models for lookup by
+                    // `id` and by `cid`.
+                    model.on('all', this._onModelEvent, this);
+                    this._byId[model.cid] = model;
+                    if (model.id != null) this._byId[model.id] = model;
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Remove nonexistent models if appropriate.
+            if (options.remove) {
+                for (i = 0, l = this.length; i < l; ++i) {
+                    if (!modelMap[(model = this.models[i]).cid]) toRemove.push(model);
+                }
+                if (toRemove.length) this.remove(toRemove, options);
+            }
+
+            // See if sorting is needed, update `length` and splice in new models.
+            if (toAdd.length) {
+                if (sortable) sort = true;
+                this.length += toAdd.length;
+                if (at != null) {
+                    splice.apply(this.models, [at, 0].concat(toAdd));
+                } else {
+                    push.apply(this.models, toAdd);
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Silently sort the collection if appropriate.
+            if (sort) this.sort({silent: true});
+
+            if (options.silent) return this;
+
+            // Trigger `add` events.
+            for (i = 0, l = toAdd.length; i < l; i++) {
+                (model = toAdd[i]).trigger('add', model, this, options);
+            }
+
+            // Trigger `sort` if the collection was sorted.
+            if (sort) this.trigger('sort', this, options);
+            return this;
+        },
+
+        // When you have more items than you want to add or remove individually,
+        // you can reset the entire set with a new list of models, without firing
+        // any granular `add` or `remove` events. Fires `reset` when finished.
+        // Useful for bulk operations and optimizations.
+        reset: function(models, options) {
+            options || (options = {});
+            for (var i = 0, l = this.models.length; i < l; i++) {
+                this._removeReference(this.models[i]);
+            }
+            options.previousModels = this.models;
+            this._reset();
+            this.add(models, _.extend({silent: true}, options));
+            if (!options.silent) this.trigger('reset', this, options);
+            return this;
+        },
+
+        // Add a model to the end of the collection.
+        push: function(model, options) {
+            model = this._prepareModel(model, options);
+            this.add(model, _.extend({at: this.length}, options));
+            return model;
+        },
+
+        // Remove a model from the end of the collection.
+        pop: function(options) {
+            var model = this.at(this.length - 1);
+            this.remove(model, options);
+            return model;
+        },
+
+        // Add a model to the beginning of the collection.
+        unshift: function(model, options) {
+            model = this._prepareModel(model, options);
+            this.add(model, _.extend({at: 0}, options));
+            return model;
+        },
+
+        // Remove a model from the beginning of the collection.
+        shift: function(options) {
+            var model = this.at(0);
+            this.remove(model, options);
+            return model;
+        },
+
+        // Slice out a sub-array of models from the collection.
+        slice: function(begin, end) {
+            return this.models.slice(begin, end);
+        },
+
+        // Get a model from the set by id.
+        get: function(obj) {
+            if (obj == null) return void 0;
+            return this._byId[obj.id != null ? obj.id : obj.cid || obj];
+        },
+
+        // Get the model at the given index.
+        at: function(index) {
+            return this.models[index];
+        },
+
+        // Return models with matching attributes. Useful for simple cases of
+        // `filter`.
+        where: function(attrs, first) {
+            if (_.isEmpty(attrs)) return first ? void 0 : [];
+            return this[first ? 'find' : 'filter'](function(model) {
+                for (var key in attrs) {
+                    if (attrs[key] !== model.get(key)) return false;
+                }
+                return true;
+            });
+        },
+
+        // Return the first model with matching attributes. Useful for simple cases
+        // of `find`.
+        findWhere: function(attrs) {
+            return this.where(attrs, true);
+        },
+
+        // Force the collection to re-sort itself. You don't need to call this under
+        // normal circumstances, as the set will maintain sort order as each item
+        // is added.
+        sort: function(options) {
+            if (!this.comparator) throw new Error('Cannot sort a set without a comparator');
+            options || (options = {});
+
+            // Run sort based on type of `comparator`.
+            if (_.isString(this.comparator) || this.comparator.length === 1) {
+                this.models = this.sortBy(this.comparator, this);
+            } else {
+                this.models.sort(_.bind(this.comparator, this));
+            }
+
+            if (!options.silent) this.trigger('sort', this, options);
+            return this;
+        },
+
+        // Figure out the smallest index at which a model should be inserted so as
+        // to maintain order.
+        sortedIndex: function(model, value, context) {
+            value || (value = this.comparator);
+            var iterator = _.isFunction(value) ? value : function(model) {
+                return model.get(value);
+            };
+            return _.sortedIndex(this.models, model, iterator, context);
+        },
+
+        // Pluck an attribute from each model in the collection.
+        pluck: function(attr) {
+            return _.invoke(this.models, 'get', attr);
+        },
+
+        // Fetch the default set of models for this collection, resetting the
+        // collection when they arrive. If `reset: true` is passed, the response
+        // data will be passed through the `reset` method instead of `set`.
+        fetch: function(options) {
+            options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};
+            if (options.parse === void 0) options.parse = true;
+            var success = options.success;
+            var collection = this;
+            options.success = function(resp) {
+                var method = options.reset ? 'reset' : 'set';
+                collection[method](resp, options);
+                if (success) success(collection, resp, options);
+                collection.trigger('sync', collection, resp, options);
+            };
+            wrapError(this, options);
+            return this.sync('read', this, options);
+        },
+
+        // Create a new instance of a model in this collection. Add the model to the
+        // collection immediately, unless `wait: true` is passed, in which case we
+        // wait for the server to agree.
+        create: function(model, options) {
+            options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};
+            if (!(model = this._prepareModel(model, options))) return false;
+            if (!options.wait) this.add(model, options);
+            var collection = this;
+            var success = options.success;
+            options.success = function(resp) {
+                if (options.wait) collection.add(model, options);
+                if (success) success(model, resp, options);
+            };
+            model.save(null, options);
+            return model;
+        },
+
+        // **parse** converts a response into a list of models to be added to the
+        // collection. The default implementation is just to pass it through.
+        parse: function(resp, options) {
+            return resp;
+        },
+
+        // Create a new collection with an identical list of models as this one.
+        clone: function() {
+            return new this.constructor(this.models);
+        },
+
+        // Private method to reset all internal state. Called when the collection
+        // is first initialized or reset.
+        _reset: function() {
+            this.length = 0;
+            this.models = [];
+            this._byId  = {};
+        },
+
+        // Prepare a hash of attributes (or other model) to be added to this
+        // collection.
+        _prepareModel: function(attrs, options) {
+            if (attrs instanceof Model) {
+                if (!attrs.collection) attrs.collection = this;
+                return attrs;
+            }
+            options || (options = {});
+            options.collection = this;
+            var model = new this.model(attrs, options);
+            if (!model._validate(attrs, options)) {
+                this.trigger('invalid', this, attrs, options);
+                return false;
+            }
+            return model;
+        },
+
+        // Internal method to sever a model's ties to a collection.
+        _removeReference: function(model) {
+            if (this === model.collection) delete model.collection;
+            model.off('all', this._onModelEvent, this);
+        },
+
+        // Internal method called every time a model in the set fires an event.
+        // Sets need to update their indexes when models change ids. All other
+        // events simply proxy through. "add" and "remove" events that originate
+        // in other collections are ignored.
+        _onModelEvent: function(event, model, collection, options) {
+            if ((event === 'add' || event === 'remove') && collection !== this) return;
+            if (event === 'destroy') this.remove(model, options);
+            if (model && event === 'change:' + model.idAttribute) {
+                delete this._byId[model.previous(model.idAttribute)];
+                if (model.id != null) this._byId[model.id] = model;
+            }
+            this.trigger.apply(this, arguments);
+        }
+
+    });
+
+    // Underscore methods that we want to implement on the Collection.
+    // 90% of the core usefulness of Backbone Collections is actually implemented
+    // right here:
+    var methods = ['forEach', 'each', 'map', 'collect', 'reduce', 'foldl',
+        'inject', 'reduceRight', 'foldr', 'find', 'detect', 'filter', 'select',
+        'reject', 'every', 'all', 'some', 'any', 'include', 'contains', 'invoke',
+        'max', 'min', 'toArray', 'size', 'first', 'head', 'take', 'initial', 'rest',
+        'tail', 'drop', 'last', 'without', 'indexOf', 'shuffle', 'lastIndexOf',
+        'isEmpty', 'chain'];
+
+    // Mix in each Underscore method as a proxy to `Collection#models`.
+    _.each(methods, function(method) {
+        Collection.prototype[method] = function() {
+            var args = slice.call(arguments);
+            args.unshift(this.models);
+            return _[method].apply(_, args);
+        };
+    });
+
+    // Underscore methods that take a property name as an argument.
+    var attributeMethods = ['groupBy', 'countBy', 'sortBy'];
+
+    // Use attributes instead of properties.
+    _.each(attributeMethods, function(method) {
+        Collection.prototype[method] = function(value, context) {
+            var iterator = _.isFunction(value) ? value : function(model) {
+                return model.get(value);
+            };
+            return _[method](this.models, iterator, context);
+        };
+    });
+
+    // Backbone.View
+    // -------------
+
+    // Backbone Views are almost more convention than they are actual code. A View
+    // is simply a JavaScript object that represents a logical chunk of UI in the
+    // DOM. This might be a single item, an entire list, a sidebar or panel, or
+    // even the surrounding frame which wraps your whole app. Defining a chunk of
+    // UI as a **View** allows you to define your DOM events declaratively, without
+    // having to worry about render order ... and makes it easy for the view to
+    // react to specific changes in the state of your models.
+
+    // Creating a Backbone.View creates its initial element outside of the DOM,
+    // if an existing element is not provided...
+    var View = Backbone.View = function(options) {
+        this.cid = _.uniqueId('view');
+        this._configure(options || {});
+        this._ensureElement();
+        this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
+        this.delegateEvents();
+    };
+
+    // Cached regex to split keys for `delegate`.
+    var delegateEventSplitter = /^(\S+)\s*(.*)$/;
+
+    // List of view options to be merged as properties.
+    var viewOptions = ['model', 'collection', 'el', 'id', 'attributes', 'className', 'tagName', 'events'];
+
+    // Set up all inheritable **Backbone.View** properties and methods.
+    _.extend(View.prototype, Events, {
+
+        // The default `tagName` of a View's element is `"div"`.
+        tagName: 'div',
+
+        // jQuery delegate for element lookup, scoped to DOM elements within the
+        // current view. This should be prefered to global lookups where possible.
+        $: function(selector) {
+            return this.$el.find(selector);
+        },
+
+        // Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own
+        // initialization logic.
+        initialize: function(){},
+
+        // **render** is the core function that your view should override, in order
+        // to populate its element (`this.el`), with the appropriate HTML. The
+        // convention is for **render** to always return `this`.
+        render: function() {
+            return this;
+        },
+
+        // Remove this view by taking the element out of the DOM, and removing any
+        // applicable Backbone.Events listeners.
+        remove: function() {
+            this.$el.remove();
+            this.stopListening();
+            return this;
+        },
+
+        // Change the view's element (`this.el` property), including event
+        // re-delegation.
+        setElement: function(element, delegate) {
+            if (this.$el) this.undelegateEvents();
+            this.$el = element instanceof Backbone.$ ? element : Backbone.$(element);
+            this.el = this.$el[0];
+            if (delegate !== false) this.delegateEvents();
+            return this;
+        },
+
+        // Set callbacks, where `this.events` is a hash of
+        //
+        // *{"event selector": "callback"}*
+        //
+        //     {
+        //       'mousedown .title':  'edit',
+        //       'click .button':     'save'
+        //       'click .open':       function(e) { ... }
+        //     }
+        //
+        // pairs. Callbacks will be bound to the view, with `this` set properly.
+        // Uses event delegation for efficiency.
+        // Omitting the selector binds the event to `this.el`.
+        // This only works for delegate-able events: not `focus`, `blur`, and
+        // not `change`, `submit`, and `reset` in Internet Explorer.
+        delegateEvents: function(events) {
+            if (!(events || (events = _.result(this, 'events')))) return this;
+            this.undelegateEvents();
+            for (var key in events) {
+                var method = events[key];
+                if (!_.isFunction(method)) method = this[events[key]];
+                if (!method) continue;
+
+                var match = key.match(delegateEventSplitter);
+                var eventName = match[1], selector = match[2];
+                method = _.bind(method, this);
+                eventName += '.delegateEvents' + this.cid;
+                if (selector === '') {
+                    this.$el.on(eventName, method);
+                } else {
+                    this.$el.on(eventName, selector, method);
+                }
+            }
+            return this;
+        },
+
+        // Clears all callbacks previously bound to the view with `delegateEvents`.
+        // You usually don't need to use this, but may wish to if you have multiple
+        // Backbone views attached to the same DOM element.
+        undelegateEvents: function() {
+            this.$el.off('.delegateEvents' + this.cid);
+            return this;
+        },
+
+        // Performs the initial configuration of a View with a set of options.
+        // Keys with special meaning *(e.g. model, collection, id, className)* are
+        // attached directly to the view.  See `viewOptions` for an exhaustive
+        // list.
+        _configure: function(options) {
+            if (this.options) options = _.extend({}, _.result(this, 'options'), options);
+            _.extend(this, _.pick(options, viewOptions));
+            this.options = options;
+        },
+
+        // Ensure that the View has a DOM element to render into.
+        // If `this.el` is a string, pass it through `$()`, take the first
+        // matching element, and re-assign it to `el`. Otherwise, create
+        // an element from the `id`, `className` and `tagName` properties.
+        _ensureElement: function() {
+            if (!this.el) {
+                var attrs = _.extend({}, _.result(this, 'attributes'));
+                if (this.id) attrs.id = _.result(this, 'id');
+                if (this.className) attrs['class'] = _.result(this, 'className');
+                var $el = Backbone.$('<' + _.result(this, 'tagName') + '>').attr(attrs);
+                this.setElement($el, false);
+            } else {
+                this.setElement(_.result(this, 'el'), false);
+            }
+        }
+
+    });
+
+    // Backbone.sync
+    // -------------
+
+    // Override this function to change the manner in which Backbone persists
+    // models to the server. You will be passed the type of request, and the
+    // model in question. By default, makes a RESTful Ajax request
+    // to the model's `url()`. Some possible customizations could be:
+    //
+    // * Use `setTimeout` to batch rapid-fire updates into a single request.
+    // * Send up the models as XML instead of JSON.
+    // * Persist models via WebSockets instead of Ajax.
+    //
+    // Turn on `Backbone.emulateHTTP` in order to send `PUT` and `DELETE` requests
+    // as `POST`, with a `_method` parameter containing the true HTTP method,
+    // as well as all requests with the body as `application/x-www-form-urlencoded`
+    // instead of `application/json` with the model in a param named `model`.
+    // Useful when interfacing with server-side languages like **PHP** that make
+    // it difficult to read the body of `PUT` requests.
+    Backbone.sync = function(method, model, options) {
+        var type = methodMap[method];
+
+        // Default options, unless specified.
+        _.defaults(options || (options = {}), {
+            emulateHTTP: Backbone.emulateHTTP,
+            emulateJSON: Backbone.emulateJSON
+        });
+
+        // Default JSON-request options.
+        var params = {type: type, dataType: 'json'};
+
+        // Ensure that we have a URL.
+        if (!options.url) {
+            params.url = _.result(model, 'url') || urlError();
+        }
+
+        // Ensure that we have the appropriate request data.
+        if (options.data == null && model && (method === 'create' || method === 'update' || method === 'patch')) {
+            params.contentType = 'application/json';
+            params.data = JSON.stringify(options.attrs || model.toJSON(options));
+        }
+
+        // For older servers, emulate JSON by encoding the request into an HTML-form.
+        if (options.emulateJSON) {
+            params.contentType = 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded';
+            params.data = params.data ? {model: params.data} : {};
+        }
+
+        // For older servers, emulate HTTP by mimicking the HTTP method with `_method`
+        // And an `X-HTTP-Method-Override` header.
+        if (options.emulateHTTP && (type === 'PUT' || type === 'DELETE' || type === 'PATCH')) {
+            params.type = 'POST';
+            if (options.emulateJSON) params.data._method = type;
+            var beforeSend = options.beforeSend;
+            options.beforeSend = function(xhr) {
+                xhr.setRequestHeader('X-HTTP-Method-Override', type);
+                if (beforeSend) return beforeSend.apply(this, arguments);
+            };
+        }
+
+        // Don't process data on a non-GET request.
+        if (params.type !== 'GET' && !options.emulateJSON) {
+            params.processData = false;
+        }
+
+        // If we're sending a `PATCH` request, and we're in an old Internet Explorer
+        // that still has ActiveX enabled by default, override jQuery to use that
+        // for XHR instead. Remove this line when jQuery supports `PATCH` on IE8.
+        if (params.type === 'PATCH' && window.ActiveXObject &&
+            !(window.external && window.external.msActiveXFilteringEnabled)) {
+            params.xhr = function() {
+                return new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");
+            };
+        }
+
+        // Make the request, allowing the user to override any Ajax options.
+        var xhr = options.xhr = Backbone.ajax(_.extend(params, options));
+        model.trigger('request', model, xhr, options);
+        return xhr;
+    };
+
+    // Map from CRUD to HTTP for our default `Backbone.sync` implementation.
+    var methodMap = {
+        'create': 'POST',
+        'update': 'PUT',
+        'patch':  'PATCH',
+        'delete': 'DELETE',
+        'read':   'GET'
+    };
+
+    // Set the default implementation of `Backbone.ajax` to proxy through to `$`.
+    // Override this if you'd like to use a different library.
+    Backbone.ajax = function() {
+        return Backbone.$.ajax.apply(Backbone.$, arguments);
+    };
+
+    // Backbone.Router
+    // ---------------
+
+    // Routers map faux-URLs to actions, and fire events when routes are
+    // matched. Creating a new one sets its `routes` hash, if not set statically.
+    var Router = Backbone.Router = function(options) {
+        options || (options = {});
+        if (options.routes) this.routes = options.routes;
+        this._bindRoutes();
+        this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
+    };
+
+    // Cached regular expressions for matching named param parts and splatted
+    // parts of route strings.
+    var optionalParam = /\((.*?)\)/g;
+    var namedParam    = /(\(\?)?:\w+/g;
+    var splatParam    = /\*\w+/g;
+    var escapeRegExp  = /[\-{}\[\]+?.,\\\^$|#\s]/g;
+
+    // Set up all inheritable **Backbone.Router** properties and methods.
+    _.extend(Router.prototype, Events, {
+
+        // Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own
+        // initialization logic.
+        initialize: function(){},
+
+        // Manually bind a single named route to a callback. For example:
+        //
+        //     this.route('search/:query/p:num', 'search', function(query, num) {
+        //       ...
+        //     });
+        //
+        route: function(route, name, callback) {
+            if (!_.isRegExp(route)) route = this._routeToRegExp(route);
+            if (_.isFunction(name)) {
+                callback = name;
+                name = '';
+            }
+            if (!callback) callback = this[name];
+            var router = this;
+            Backbone.history.route(route, function(fragment) {
+                var args = router._extractParameters(route, fragment);
+                callback && callback.apply(router, args);
+                router.trigger.apply(router, ['route:' + name].concat(args));
+                router.trigger('route', name, args);
+                Backbone.history.trigger('route', router, name, args);
+            });
+            return this;
+        },
+
+        // Simple proxy to `Backbone.history` to save a fragment into the history.
+        navigate: function(fragment, options) {
+            Backbone.history.navigate(fragment, options);
+            return this;
+        },
+
+        // Bind all defined routes to `Backbone.history`. We have to reverse the
+        // order of the routes here to support behavior where the most general
+        // routes can be defined at the bottom of the route map.
+        _bindRoutes: function() {
+            if (!this.routes) return;
+            this.routes = _.result(this, 'routes');
+            var route, routes = _.keys(this.routes);
+            while ((route = routes.pop()) != null) {
+                this.route(route, this.routes[route]);
+            }
+        },
+
+        // Convert a route string into a regular expression, suitable for matching
+        // against the current location hash.
+        _routeToRegExp: function(route) {
+            route = route.replace(escapeRegExp, '\\$&')
+                .replace(optionalParam, '(?:$1)?')
+                .replace(namedParam, function(match, optional){
+                    return optional ? match : '([^\/]+)';
+                })
+                .replace(splatParam, '(.*?)');
+            return new RegExp('^' + route + '$');
+        },
+
+        // Given a route, and a URL fragment that it matches, return the array of
+        // extracted decoded parameters. Empty or unmatched parameters will be
+        // treated as `null` to normalize cross-browser behavior.
+        _extractParameters: function(route, fragment) {
+            var params = route.exec(fragment).slice(1);
+            return _.map(params, function(param) {
+                return param ? decodeURIComponent(param) : null;
+            });
+        }
+
+    });
+
+    // Backbone.History
+    // ----------------
+
+    // Handles cross-browser history management, based on either
+    // [pushState](http://diveintohtml5.info/history.html) and real URLs, or
+    // [onhashchange](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/DOM/window.onhashchange)
+    // and URL fragments. If the browser supports neither (old IE, natch),
+    // falls back to polling.
+    var History = Backbone.History = function() {
+        this.handlers = [];
+        _.bindAll(this, 'checkUrl');
+
+        // Ensure that `History` can be used outside of the browser.
+        if (typeof window !== 'undefined') {
+            this.location = window.location;
+            this.history = window.history;
+        }
+    };
+
+    // Cached regex for stripping a leading hash/slash and trailing space.
+    var routeStripper = /^[#\/]|\s+$/g;
+
+    // Cached regex for stripping leading and trailing slashes.
+    var rootStripper = /^\/+|\/+$/g;
+
+    // Cached regex for detecting MSIE.
+    var isExplorer = /msie [\w.]+/;
+
+    // Cached regex for removing a trailing slash.
+    var trailingSlash = /\/$/;
+
+    // Has the history handling already been started?
+    History.started = false;
+
+    // Set up all inheritable **Backbone.History** properties and methods.
+    _.extend(History.prototype, Events, {
+
+        // The default interval to poll for hash changes, if necessary, is
+        // twenty times a second.
+        interval: 50,
+
+        // Gets the true hash value. Cannot use location.hash directly due to bug
+        // in Firefox where location.hash will always be decoded.
+        getHash: function(window) {
+            var match = (window || this).location.href.match(/#(.*)$/);
+            return match ? match[1] : '';
+        },
+
+        // Get the cross-browser normalized URL fragment, either from the URL,
+        // the hash, or the override.
+        getFragment: function(fragment, forcePushState) {
+            if (fragment == null) {
+                if (this._hasPushState || !this._wantsHashChange || forcePushState) {
+                    fragment = this.location.pathname;
+                    var root = this.root.replace(trailingSlash, '');
+                    if (!fragment.indexOf(root)) fragment = fragment.substr(root.length);
+                } else {
+                    fragment = this.getHash();
+                }
+            }
+            return fragment.replace(routeStripper, '');
+        },
+
+        // Start the hash change handling, returning `true` if the current URL matches
+        // an existing route, and `false` otherwise.
+        start: function(options) {
+            if (History.started) throw new Error("Backbone.history has already been started");
+            History.started = true;
+
+            // Figure out the initial configuration. Do we need an iframe?
+            // Is pushState desired ... is it available?
+            this.options          = _.extend({}, {root: '/'}, this.options, options);
+            this.root             = this.options.root;
+            this._wantsHashChange = this.options.hashChange !== false;
+            this._wantsPushState  = !!this.options.pushState;
+            this._hasPushState    = !!(this.options.pushState && this.history && this.history.pushState);
+            var fragment          = this.getFragment();
+            var docMode           = document.documentMode;
+            var oldIE             = (isExplorer.exec(navigator.userAgent.toLowerCase()) && (!docMode || docMode <= 7));
+
+            // Normalize root to always include a leading and trailing slash.
+            this.root = ('/' + this.root + '/').replace(rootStripper, '/');
+
+            if (oldIE && this._wantsHashChange) {
+                this.iframe = Backbone.$('<iframe src="javascript:0" tabindex="-1" />').hide().appendTo('body')[0].contentWindow;
+                this.navigate(fragment);
+            }
+
+            // Depending on whether we're using pushState or hashes, and whether
+            // 'onhashchange' is supported, determine how we check the URL state.
+            if (this._hasPushState) {
+                Backbone.$(window).on('popstate', this.checkUrl);
+            } else if (this._wantsHashChange && ('onhashchange' in window) && !oldIE) {
+                Backbone.$(window).on('hashchange', this.checkUrl);
+            } else if (this._wantsHashChange) {
+                this._checkUrlInterval = setInterval(this.checkUrl, this.interval);
+            }
+
+            // Determine if we need to change the base url, for a pushState link
+            // opened by a non-pushState browser.
+            this.fragment = fragment;
+            var loc = this.location;
+            var atRoot = loc.pathname.replace(/[^\/]$/, '$&/') === this.root;
+
+            // If we've started off with a route from a `pushState`-enabled browser,
+            // but we're currently in a browser that doesn't support it...
+            if (this._wantsHashChange && this._wantsPushState && !this._hasPushState && !atRoot) {
+                this.fragment = this.getFragment(null, true);
+                this.location.replace(this.root + this.location.search + '#' + this.fragment);
+                // Return immediately as browser will do redirect to new url
+                return true;
+
+                // Or if we've started out with a hash-based route, but we're currently
+                // in a browser where it could be `pushState`-based instead...
+            } else if (this._wantsPushState && this._hasPushState && atRoot && loc.hash) {
+                this.fragment = this.getHash().replace(routeStripper, '');
+                this.history.replaceState({}, document.title, this.root + this.fragment + loc.search);
+            }
+
+            if (!this.options.silent) return this.loadUrl();
+        },
+
+        // Disable Backbone.history, perhaps temporarily. Not useful in a real app,
+        // but possibly useful for unit testing Routers.
+        stop: function() {
+            Backbone.$(window).off('popstate', this.checkUrl).off('hashchange', this.checkUrl);
+            clearInterval(this._checkUrlInterval);
+            History.started = false;
+        },
+
+        // Add a route to be tested when the fragment changes. Routes added later
+        // may override previous routes.
+        route: function(route, callback) {
+            this.handlers.unshift({route: route, callback: callback});
+        },
+
+        // Checks the current URL to see if it has changed, and if it has,
+        // calls `loadUrl`, normalizing across the hidden iframe.
+        checkUrl: function(e) {
+            var current = this.getFragment();
+            if (current === this.fragment && this.iframe) {
+                current = this.getFragment(this.getHash(this.iframe));
+            }
+            if (current === this.fragment) return false;
+            if (this.iframe) this.navigate(current);
+            this.loadUrl() || this.loadUrl(this.getHash());
+        },
+
+        // Attempt to load the current URL fragment. If a route succeeds with a
+        // match, returns `true`. If no defined routes matches the fragment,
+        // returns `false`.
+        loadUrl: function(fragmentOverride) {
+            var fragment = this.fragment = this.getFragment(fragmentOverride);
+            var matched = _.any(this.handlers, function(handler) {
+                if (handler.route.test(fragment)) {
+                    handler.callback(fragment);
+                    return true;
+                }
+            });
+            return matched;
+        },
+
+        // Save a fragment into the hash history, or replace the URL state if the
+        // 'replace' option is passed. You are responsible for properly URL-encoding
+        // the fragment in advance.
+        //
+        // The options object can contain `trigger: true` if you wish to have the
+        // route callback be fired (not usually desirable), or `replace: true`, if
+        // you wish to modify the current URL without adding an entry to the history.
+        navigate: function(fragment, options) {
+            if (!History.started) return false;
+            if (!options || options === true) options = {trigger: options};
+            fragment = this.getFragment(fragment || '');
+            if (this.fragment === fragment) return;
+            this.fragment = fragment;
+            var url = this.root + fragment;
+
+            // If pushState is available, we use it to set the fragment as a real URL.
+            if (this._hasPushState) {
+                this.history[options.replace ? 'replaceState' : 'pushState']({}, document.title, url);
+
+                // If hash changes haven't been explicitly disabled, update the hash
+                // fragment to store history.
+            } else if (this._wantsHashChange) {
+                this._updateHash(this.location, fragment, options.replace);
+                if (this.iframe && (fragment !== this.getFragment(this.getHash(this.iframe)))) {
+                    // Opening and closing the iframe tricks IE7 and earlier to push a
+                    // history entry on hash-tag change.  When replace is true, we don't
+                    // want this.
+                    if(!options.replace) this.iframe.document.open().close();
+                    this._updateHash(this.iframe.location, fragment, options.replace);
+                }
+
+                // If you've told us that you explicitly don't want fallback hashchange-
+                // based history, then `navigate` becomes a page refresh.
+            } else {
+                return this.location.assign(url);
+            }
+            if (options.trigger) this.loadUrl(fragment);
+        },
+
+        // Update the hash location, either replacing the current entry, or adding
+        // a new one to the browser history.
+        _updateHash: function(location, fragment, replace) {
+            if (replace) {
+                var href = location.href.replace(/(javascript:|#).*$/, '');
+                location.replace(href + '#' + fragment);
+            } else {
+                // Some browsers require that `hash` contains a leading #.
+                location.hash = '#' + fragment;
+            }
+        }
+
+    });
+
+    // Create the default Backbone.history.
+    Backbone.history = new History;
+
+    // Helpers
+    // -------
+
+    // Helper function to correctly set up the prototype chain, for subclasses.
+    // Similar to `goog.inherits`, but uses a hash of prototype properties and
+    // class properties to be extended.
+    var extend = function(protoProps, staticProps) {
+        var parent = this;
+        var child;
+
+        // The constructor function for the new subclass is either defined by you
+        // (the "constructor" property in your `extend` definition), or defaulted
+        // by us to simply call the parent's constructor.
+        if (protoProps && _.has(protoProps, 'constructor')) {
+            child = protoProps.constructor;
+        } else {
+            child = function(){ return parent.apply(this, arguments); };
+        }
+
+        // Add static properties to the constructor function, if supplied.
+        _.extend(child, parent, staticProps);
+
+        // Set the prototype chain to inherit from `parent`, without calling
+        // `parent`'s constructor function.
+        var Surrogate = function(){ this.constructor = child; };
+        Surrogate.prototype = parent.prototype;
+        child.prototype = new Surrogate;
+
+        // Add prototype properties (instance properties) to the subclass,
+        // if supplied.
+        if (protoProps) _.extend(child.prototype, protoProps);
+
+        // Set a convenience property in case the parent's prototype is needed
+        // later.
+        child.__super__ = parent.prototype;
+
+        return child;
+    };
+
+    // Set up inheritance for the model, collection, router, view and history.
+    Model.extend = Collection.extend = Router.extend = View.extend = History.extend = extend;
+
+    // Throw an error when a URL is needed, and none is supplied.
+    var urlError = function() {
+        throw new Error('A "url" property or function must be specified');
+    };
+
+    // Wrap an optional error callback with a fallback error event.
+    var wrapError = function (model, options) {
+        var error = options.error;
+        options.error = function(resp) {
+            if (error) error(model, resp, options);
+            model.trigger('error', model, resp, options);
+        };
+    };
+
+}).call(this);