code_buddy 0.0.1

data/.gitignore

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+pkg/*
+*.gem
+.bundle
+*.swp

data/.rvmrc

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+rvm --create use @code_buddy

data/Gemfile

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+source "http://rubygems.org"
+
+# Specify your gem's dependencies in code_buddy.gemspec
+gemspec

data/Gemfile.lock

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+PATH
+  remote: .
+  specs:
+    code_buddy (0.0.1)
+      coderay (~> 0.9.6)
+      json_pure (~> 1.4.6)
+      rack (~> 1.2.0)
+      sinatra (~> 1.1.0)
+
+GEM
+  remote: http://rubygems.org/
+  specs:
+    coderay (0.9.6)
+    diff-lcs (1.1.2)
+    json_pure (1.4.6)
+    mocha (0.9.10)
+      rake
+    rack (1.2.1)
+    rake (0.8.7)
+    rspec (2.2.0)
+      rspec-core (~> 2.2)
+      rspec-expectations (~> 2.2)
+      rspec-mocks (~> 2.2)
+    rspec-core (2.2.1)
+    rspec-expectations (2.2.0)
+      diff-lcs (~> 1.1.2)
+    rspec-mocks (2.2.0)
+    sinatra (1.1.0)
+      rack (~> 1.1)
+      tilt (~> 1.1)
+    tilt (1.1)
+
+PLATFORMS
+  ruby
+
+DEPENDENCIES
+  code_buddy!
+  coderay (~> 0.9.6)
+  json_pure (~> 1.4.6)
+  mocha (~> 0.9.10)
+  rack (~> 1.2.0)
+  rake (~> 0.8.7)
+  rspec (~> 2.2.0)
+  sinatra (~> 1.1.0)

data/LICENSE

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+Copyright (c) 2010 Pat Shaughnessy, Alex Rothenberg and Daniel Higginbotham
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+"Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

data/README.rdoc

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+=Code Buddy
+
+Code Buddy will display a Ruby stack in a browser, along with code snippets from each file in the stack.
+
+== Run as a Sinatra app
+
+  $ gem install code_buddy
+  $ code_buddy
+  == Sinatra/1.1.0 has taken the stage on 4567 for development with backup from Mongrel
+
+Now open http://localhost:4567 and paste your stack.
+
+== Run as Rack middleware
+
+Just add code_buddy to your Gemfile:
+
+  gem 'code_buddy'
+
+Now if config.consider_all_requests_local=true whenever you see a exception page in your Rails app you'll be able to click on the stack and see it inside Code Buddy with the corresponding code snippets.

data/Rakefile

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+require 'bundler'
+Bundler::GemHelper.install_tasks
+
+require 'rspec/core'
+require 'rspec/core/rake_task'
+RSpec::Core::RakeTask.new(:spec) do |spec|
+  spec.pattern = FileList['spec/**/*_spec.rb']
+end
+
+task :default => :spec

data/bin/code_buddy

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+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+$LOAD_PATH.unshift File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), '..', 'lib')
+require 'rubygems'
+require 'code_buddy'
+CodeBuddy::App.run! :host => 'localhost'

data/code_buddy.gemspec

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+# -*- encoding: utf-8 -*-
+$:.push File.expand_path("../lib", __FILE__)
+require "code_buddy/version"
+
+Gem::Specification.new do |s|
+  s.name        = "code_buddy"
+  s.version     = CodeBuddy::VERSION
+  s.platform    = Gem::Platform::RUBY
+  s.authors     = ['Pat Shaughnessy, Alex Rothenberg, Daniel Higginbotham']
+  s.email       = ['pat@patshaughnessy.net, alex@alexrothenberg.com, daniel@flyingmachinestudios.com']
+  s.homepage    = "http://github.com/patshaughnessy/code_buddy"
+  s.summary     = %q{See the Ruby code running in your app.}
+  s.description = %q{See the Ruby code running in your app.}
+
+  s.rubyforge_project = "code_buddy"
+
+  s.files         = `git ls-files`.split("\n")
+  s.test_files    = `git ls-files -- {test,spec,features}/*`.split("\n")
+  s.executables   = `git ls-files -- bin/*`.split("\n").map{ |f| File.basename(f) }
+  s.require_paths = ["lib"]
+
+  s.add_dependency             'rack',          '~> 1.2.0'
+  s.add_dependency             'sinatra',       '~> 1.1.0'
+  s.add_dependency             'json_pure',     '~> 1.4.6'
+  s.add_dependency             'coderay',       '~> 0.9.6'
+
+  s.add_development_dependency 'rake',          '~> 0.8.7'
+  s.add_development_dependency 'rspec',         '~> 2.2.0'
+  s.add_development_dependency 'mocha',         '~> 0.9.10'
+
+end

data/lib/code_buddy.rb

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+require 'sinatra'
+require 'coderay'
+require 'json'
+require 'json/add/rails'
+
+require 'code_buddy/middleware'
+require 'code_buddy/app'
+require 'code_buddy/stack'
+require 'code_buddy/stack_frame'
+require 'coderay'
+require 'json'
+require 'json/add/rails'

data/lib/code_buddy/app.rb

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+module CodeBuddy
+  class App < Sinatra::Base
+    set :views,  File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/views'
+    set :public, File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/public'
+
+    class << self
+      attr_reader :stack
+
+      def exception=(exception)
+        @stack = Stack.new(exception)
+      end
+
+      def stack_string=(stack_string)
+        @stack = Stack.new(stack_string)
+      end
+    end
+
+    get '/' do
+      display_stack(0)
+    end
+
+    get '/new' do
+      erb :form
+    end
+
+    post '/' do
+      self.class.stack_string = params[:stack]
+      redirect '/'
+    end
+
+    get '/stack' do
+      display_stack(0)
+    end
+
+    get '/:selected' do
+      display_stack(params[:selected].to_i)
+    end
+
+    def display_stack(selected_param)
+      @stack = self.class.stack
+      if @stack
+        @stack.selected = selected_param
+        erb :index
+      else
+        redirect '/new'
+      end
+    end
+
+  end
+end

data/lib/code_buddy/middleware.rb

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+def rails_loaded
+  Module.const_get('Rails')
+  return true
+rescue NameError
+  return false
+end
+
+if rails_loaded
+  module CodeBuddy
+    class Railtie < Rails::Railtie
+      initializer "code_buddy.add_middleware" do |app|
+        app.middleware.swap ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions, CodeBuddy::ShowExceptions
+      end
+    end
+
+    class ShowExceptions < ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions
+
+      CODEBUDDY_TEMPLATE_PATH = File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), 'templates')
+
+      def call(env)
+        if env['PATH_INFO'] =~ /^\/code_buddy(.*)/
+          env['PATH_INFO'] = $1
+          App.new.call(env)
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
+
+      def rescue_action_locally(request, exception)
+        template = ActionView::Base.new([CODEBUDDY_TEMPLATE_PATH],
+          :request => request,
+          :exception => exception,
+          :application_trace => application_trace(exception),
+          :framework_trace => framework_trace(exception),
+          :full_trace => full_trace(exception)
+        )
+        file = "rescues/#{@@rescue_templates[exception.class.name]}.erb"
+        body = template.render(:file => file, :layout => 'rescues/layout.erb')
+        App.exception = exception
+        render(status_code(exception), body)
+      end
+
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/code_buddy/public/javascripts/backbone.js

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+//     Backbone.js 0.3.1
+//     (c) 2010 Jeremy Ashkenas, DocumentCloud Inc.
+//     Backbone may be freely distributed under the MIT license.
+//     For all details and documentation:
+//     http://documentcloud.github.com/backbone
+
+(function(){
+
+  // Initial Setup
+  // -------------
+
+  // The top-level namespace. All public Backbone classes and modules will
+  // be attached to this. Exported for both CommonJS and the browser.
+  var Backbone;
+  if (typeof exports !== 'undefined') {
+    Backbone = exports;
+  } else {
+    Backbone = this.Backbone = {};
+  }
+
+  // Current version of the library. Keep in sync with `package.json`.
+  Backbone.VERSION = '0.3.1';
+
+  // Require Underscore, if we're on the server, and it's not already present.
+  var _ = this._;
+  if (!_ && (typeof require !== 'undefined')) _ = require("underscore")._;
+
+  // For Backbone's purposes, jQuery owns the `$` variable.
+  var $ = this.jQuery;
+
+  // Turn on `emulateHTTP` to use support legacy HTTP servers. Setting this option will
+  // fake `"PUT"` and `"DELETE"` requests via the `_method` parameter and set a
+  // `X-Http-Method-Override` header.
+  Backbone.emulateHTTP = false;
+
+  // Turn on `emulateJSON` to support legacy servers that can't deal with direct
+  // `application/json` requests ... will encode the body as
+  // `application/x-www-form-urlencoded` instead and will send the model in a
+  // form param named `model`.
+  Backbone.emulateJSON = false;
+
+  // Backbone.Events
+  // -----------------
+
+  // A module that can be mixed in to *any object* in order to provide it with
+  // custom events. You may `bind` or `unbind` a callback function to an event;
+  // `trigger`-ing an event fires all callbacks in succession.
+  //
+  //     var object = {};
+  //     _.extend(object, Backbone.Events);
+  //     object.bind('expand', function(){ alert('expanded'); });
+  //     object.trigger('expand');
+  //
+  Backbone.Events = {
+
+    // Bind an event, specified by a string name, `ev`, to a `callback` function.
+    // Passing `"all"` will bind the callback to all events fired.
+    bind : function(ev, callback) {
+      var calls = this._callbacks || (this._callbacks = {});
+      var list  = this._callbacks[ev] || (this._callbacks[ev] = []);
+      list.push(callback);
+      return this;
+    },
+
+    // Remove one or many callbacks. If `callback` is null, removes all
+    // callbacks for the event. If `ev` is null, removes all bound callbacks
+    // for all events.
+    unbind : function(ev, callback) {
+      var calls;
+      if (!ev) {
+        this._callbacks = {};
+      } else if (calls = this._callbacks) {
+        if (!callback) {
+          calls[ev] = [];
+        } else {
+          var list = calls[ev];
+          if (!list) return this;
+          for (var i = 0, l = list.length; i < l; i++) {
+            if (callback === list[i]) {
+              list.splice(i, 1);
+              break;
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      return this;
+    },
+
+    // Trigger an event, firing all bound callbacks. Callbacks are passed the
+    // same arguments as `trigger` is, apart from the event name.
+    // Listening for `"all"` passes the true event name as the first argument.
+    trigger : function(ev) {
+      var list, calls, i, l;
+      if (!(calls = this._callbacks)) return this;
+      if (list = calls[ev]) {
+        for (i = 0, l = list.length; i < l; i++) {
+          list[i].apply(this, Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments, 1));
+        }
+      }
+      if (list = calls['all']) {
+        for (i = 0, l = list.length; i < l; i++) {
+          list[i].apply(this, arguments);
+        }
+      }
+      return this;
+    }
+
+  };
+
+  // Backbone.Model
+  // --------------
+
+  // Create a new model, with defined attributes. A client id (`cid`)
+  // is automatically generated and assigned for you.
+  Backbone.Model = function(attributes, options) {
+    this.attributes = {};
+    this.cid = _.uniqueId('c');
+    this.set(attributes || {}, {silent : true});
+    this._previousAttributes = _.clone(this.attributes);
+    if (options && options.collection) this.collection = options.collection;
+    if (this.initialize) this.initialize(attributes, options);
+  };
+
+  // Attach all inheritable methods to the Model prototype.
+  _.extend(Backbone.Model.prototype, Backbone.Events, {
+
+    // A snapshot of the model's previous attributes, taken immediately
+    // after the last `"change"` event was fired.
+    _previousAttributes : null,
+
+    // Has the item been changed since the last `"change"` event?
+    _changed : false,
+
+    // Return a copy of the model's `attributes` object.
+    toJSON : function() {
+      return _.clone(this.attributes);
+    },
+
+    // Get the value of an attribute.
+    get : function(attr) {
+      return this.attributes[attr];
+    },
+
+    // Set a hash of model attributes on the object, firing `"change"` unless you
+    // choose to silence it.
+    set : function(attrs, options) {
+
+      // Extract attributes and options.
+      options || (options = {});
+      if (!attrs) return this;
+      if (attrs.attributes) attrs = attrs.attributes;
+      var now = this.attributes;
+
+      // Run validation.
+      if (!options.silent && this.validate && !this._performValidation(attrs, options)) return false;
+
+      // Check for changes of `id`.
+      if ('id' in attrs) this.id = attrs.id;
+
+      // Update attributes.
+      for (var attr in attrs) {
+        var val = attrs[attr];
+        if (!_.isEqual(now[attr], val)) {
+          now[attr] = val;
+          if (!options.silent) {
+            this._changed = true;
+            this.trigger('change:' + attr, this, val);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Fire the `"change"` event, if the model has been changed.
+      if (!options.silent && this._changed) this.change();
+      return this;
+    },
+
+    // Remove an attribute from the model, firing `"change"` unless you choose
+    // to silence it.
+    unset : function(attr, options) {
+      options || (options = {});
+      var value = this.attributes[attr];
+
+      // Run validation.
+      var validObj = {};
+      validObj[attr] = void 0;
+      if (!options.silent && this.validate && !this._performValidation(validObj, options)) return false;
+
+      // Remove the attribute.
+      delete this.attributes[attr];
+      if (!options.silent) {
+        this._changed = true;
+        this.trigger('change:' + attr, this);
+        this.change();
+      }
+      return this;
+    },
+
+    // Clear all attributes on the model, firing `"change"` unless you choose
+    // to silence it.
+    clear : function(options) {
+      options || (options = {});
+      var old = this.attributes;
+
+      // Run validation.
+      var validObj = {};
+      for (attr in old) validObj[attr] = void 0;
+      if (!options.silent && this.validate && !this._performValidation(validObj, options)) return false;
+
+      this.attributes = {};
+      if (!options.silent) {
+        this._changed = true;
+        for (attr in old) {
+          this.trigger('change:' + attr, this);
+        }
+        this.change();
+      }
+      return this;
+    },
+
+    // Fetch the model from the server. If the server's representation of the
+    // model differs from its current attributes, they will be overriden,
+    // triggering a `"change"` event.
+    fetch : function(options) {
+      options || (options = {});
+      var model = this;
+      var success = function(resp) {
+        if (!model.set(model.parse(resp), options)) return false;
+        if (options.success) options.success(model, resp);
+      };
+      var error = options.error && _.bind(options.error, null, model);
+      Backbone.sync('read', this, success, error);
+      return this;
+    },
+
+    // Set a hash of model attributes, and sync the model to the server.
+    // If the server returns an attributes hash that differs, the model's
+    // state will be `set` again.
+    save : function(attrs, options) {
+      attrs   || (attrs = {});
+      options || (options = {});
+      if (!this.set(attrs, options)) return false;
+      var model = this;
+      var success = function(resp) {
+        if (!model.set(model.parse(resp), options)) return false;
+        if (options.success) options.success(model, resp);
+      };
+      var error = options.error && _.bind(options.error, null, model);
+      var method = this.isNew() ? 'create' : 'update';
+      Backbone.sync(method, this, success, error);
+      return this;
+    },
+
+    // Destroy this model on the server. Upon success, the model is removed
+    // from its collection, if it has one.
+    destroy : function(options) {
+      options || (options = {});
+      var model = this;
+      var success = function(resp) {
+        if (model.collection) model.collection.remove(model);
+        if (options.success) options.success(model, resp);
+      };
+      var error = options.error && _.bind(options.error, null, model);
+      Backbone.sync('delete', this, success, error);
+      return this;
+    },
+
+    // Default URL for the model's representation on the server -- if you're
+    // using Backbone's restful methods, override this to change the endpoint
+    // that will be called.
+    url : function() {
+      var base = getUrl(this.collection);
+      if (this.isNew()) return base;
+      return base + '/' + this.id;
+    },
+
+    // **parse** converts a response into the hash of attributes to be `set` on
+    // the model. The default implementation is just to pass the response along.
+    parse : function(resp) {
+      return resp;
+    },
+
+    // Create a new model with identical attributes to this one.
+    clone : function() {
+      return new this.constructor(this);
+    },
+
+    // A model is new if it has never been saved to the server, and has a negative
+    // ID.
+    isNew : function() {
+      return !this.id;
+    },
+
+    // Call this method to manually fire a `change` event for this model.
+    // Calling this will cause all objects observing the model to update.
+    change : function() {
+      this.trigger('change', this);
+      this._previousAttributes = _.clone(this.attributes);
+      this._changed = false;
+    },
+
+    // Determine if the model has changed since the last `"change"` event.
+    // If you specify an attribute name, determine if that attribute has changed.
+    hasChanged : function(attr) {
+      if (attr) return this._previousAttributes[attr] != this.attributes[attr];
+      return this._changed;
+    },
+
+    // Return an object containing all the attributes that have changed, or false
+    // if there are no changed attributes. Useful for determining what parts of a
+    // view need to be updated and/or what attributes need to be persisted to
+    // the server.
+    changedAttributes : function(now) {
+      now || (now = this.attributes);
+      var old = this._previousAttributes;
+      var changed = false;
+      for (var attr in now) {
+        if (!_.isEqual(old[attr], now[attr])) {
+          changed = changed || {};
+          changed[attr] = now[attr];
+        }
+      }
+      return changed;
+    },
+
+    // Get the previous value of an attribute, recorded at the time the last
+    // `"change"` event was fired.
+    previous : function(attr) {
+      if (!attr || !this._previousAttributes) return null;
+      return this._previousAttributes[attr];
+    },
+
+    // Get all of the attributes of the model at the time of the previous
+    // `"change"` event.
+    previousAttributes : function() {
+      return _.clone(this._previousAttributes);
+    },
+
+    // Run validation against a set of incoming attributes, returning `true`
+    // if all is well. If a specific `error` callback has been passed,
+    // call that instead of firing the general `"error"` event.
+    _performValidation : function(attrs, options) {
+      var error = this.validate(attrs);
+      if (error) {
+        if (options.error) {
+          options.error(this, error);
+        } else {
+          this.trigger('error', this, error);
+        }
+        return false;
+      }
+      return true;
+    }
+
+  });
+
+  // Backbone.Collection
+  // -------------------
+
+  // Provides a standard collection class for our sets of models, ordered
+  // or unordered. If a `comparator` is specified, the Collection will maintain
+  // its models in sort order, as they're added and removed.
+  Backbone.Collection = function(models, options) {
+    options || (options = {});
+    if (options.comparator) {
+      this.comparator = options.comparator;
+      delete options.comparator;
+    }
+    this._boundOnModelEvent = _.bind(this._onModelEvent, this);
+    this._reset();
+    if (models) this.refresh(models, {silent: true});
+    if (this.initialize) this.initialize(models, options);
+  };
+
+  // Define the Collection's inheritable methods.
+  _.extend(Backbone.Collection.prototype, Backbone.Events, {
+
+    // The default model for a collection is just a **Backbone.Model**.
+    // This should be overridden in most cases.
+    model : Backbone.Model,
+
+    // The JSON representation of a Collection is an array of the
+    // models' attributes.
+    toJSON : function() {
+      return this.map(function(model){ return model.toJSON(); });
+    },
+
+    // Add a model, or list of models to the set. Pass **silent** to avoid
+    // firing the `added` event for every new model.
+    add : function(models, options) {
+      if (_.isArray(models)) {
+        for (var i = 0, l = models.length; i < l; i++) {
+          this._add(models[i], options);
+        }
+      } else {
+        this._add(models, options);
+      }
+      return this;
+    },
+
+    // Remove a model, or a list of models from the set. Pass silent to avoid
+    // firing the `removed` event for every model removed.
+    remove : function(models, options) {
+      if (_.isArray(models)) {
+        for (var i = 0, l = models.length; i < l; i++) {
+          this._remove(models[i], options);
+        }
+      } else {
+        this._remove(models, options);
+      }
+      return this;
+    },
+
+    // Get a model from the set by id.
+    get : function(id) {
+      return id && this._byId[id.id != null ? id.id : id];
+    },
+
+    // Get a model from the set by client id.
+    getByCid : function(cid) {
+      return cid && this._byCid[cid.cid || cid];
+    },
+
+    // Get the model at the given index.
+    at: function(index) {
+      return this.models[index];
+    },
+
+    // Force the collection to re-sort itself. You don't need to call this under normal
+    // circumstances, as the set will maintain sort order as each item is added.
+    sort : function(options) {
+      options || (options = {});
+      if (!this.comparator) throw new Error('Cannot sort a set without a comparator');
+      this.models = this.sortBy(this.comparator);
+      if (!options.silent) this.trigger('refresh', this);
+      return this;
+    },
+
+    // Pluck an attribute from each model in the collection.
+    pluck : function(attr) {
+      return _.map(this.models, function(model){ return model.get(attr); });
+    },
+
+    // When you have more items than you want to add or remove individually,
+    // you can refresh the entire set with a new list of models, without firing
+    // any `added` or `removed` events. Fires `refresh` when finished.
+    refresh : function(models, options) {
+      models  || (models = []);
+      options || (options = {});
+      this._reset();
+      this.add(models, {silent: true});
+      if (!options.silent) this.trigger('refresh', this);
+      return this;
+    },
+
+    // Fetch the default set of models for this collection, refreshing the
+    // collection when they arrive.
+    fetch : function(options) {
+      options || (options = {});
+      var collection = this;
+      var success = function(resp) {
+        collection.refresh(collection.parse(resp));
+        if (options.success) options.success(collection, resp);
+      };
+      var error = options.error && _.bind(options.error, null, collection);
+      Backbone.sync('read', this, success, error);
+      return this;
+    },
+
+    // Create a new instance of a model in this collection. After the model
+    // has been created on the server, it will be added to the collection.
+    create : function(model, options) {
+      var coll = this;
+      options || (options = {});
+      if (!(model instanceof Backbone.Model)) {
+        model = new this.model(model, {collection: coll});
+      } else {
+        model.collection = coll;
+      }
+      var success = function(nextModel, resp) {
+        coll.add(nextModel);
+        if (options.success) options.success(nextModel, resp);
+      };
+      return model.save(null, {success : success, error : options.error});
+    },
+
+    // **parse** converts a response into a list of models to be added to the
+    // collection. The default implementation is just to pass it through.
+    parse : function(resp) {
+      return resp;
+    },
+
+    // Proxy to _'s chain. Can't be proxied the same way the rest of the
+    // underscore methods are proxied because it relies on the underscore
+    // constructor.
+    chain: function () {
+      return _(this.models).chain();
+    },
+
+    // Reset all internal state. Called when the collection is refreshed.
+    _reset : function(options) {
+      this.length = 0;
+      this.models = [];
+      this._byId  = {};
+      this._byCid = {};
+    },
+
+    // Internal implementation of adding a single model to the set, updating
+    // hash indexes for `id` and `cid` lookups.
+    _add : function(model, options) {
+      options || (options = {});
+      if (!(model instanceof Backbone.Model)) {
+        model = new this.model(model, {collection: this});
+      }
+      var already = this.getByCid(model);
+      if (already) throw new Error(["Can't add the same model to a set twice", already.id]);
+      this._byId[model.id] = model;
+      this._byCid[model.cid] = model;
+      model.collection = this;
+      var index = this.comparator ? this.sortedIndex(model, this.comparator) : this.length;
+      this.models.splice(index, 0, model);
+      model.bind('all', this._boundOnModelEvent);
+      this.length++;
+      if (!options.silent) model.trigger('add', model, this);
+      return model;
+    },
+
+    // Internal implementation of removing a single model from the set, updating
+    // hash indexes for `id` and `cid` lookups.
+    _remove : function(model, options) {
+      options || (options = {});
+      model = this.getByCid(model);
+      if (!model) return null;
+      delete this._byId[model.id];
+      delete this._byCid[model.cid];
+      delete model.collection;
+      this.models.splice(this.indexOf(model), 1);
+      this.length--;
+      if (!options.silent) model.trigger('remove', model, this);
+      model.unbind('all', this._boundOnModelEvent);
+      return model;
+    },
+
+    // Internal method called every time a model in the set fires an event.
+    // Sets need to update their indexes when models change ids. All other
+    // events simply proxy through.
+    _onModelEvent : function(ev, model) {
+      if (ev === 'change:id') {
+        delete this._byId[model.previous('id')];
+        this._byId[model.id] = model;
+      }
+      this.trigger.apply(this, arguments);
+    }
+
+  });
+
+  // Underscore methods that we want to implement on the Collection.
+  var methods = ['forEach', 'each', 'map', 'reduce', 'reduceRight', 'find', 'detect',
+    'filter', 'select', 'reject', 'every', 'all', 'some', 'any', 'include',
+    'invoke', 'max', 'min', 'sortBy', 'sortedIndex', 'toArray', 'size',
+    'first', 'rest', 'last', 'without', 'indexOf', 'lastIndexOf', 'isEmpty'];
+
+  // Mix in each Underscore method as a proxy to `Collection#models`.
+  _.each(methods, function(method) {
+    Backbone.Collection.prototype[method] = function() {
+      return _[method].apply(_, [this.models].concat(_.toArray(arguments)));
+    };
+  });
+
+  // Backbone.Controller
+  // -------------------
+
+  // Controllers map faux-URLs to actions, and fire events when routes are
+  // matched. Creating a new one sets its `routes` hash, if not set statically.
+  Backbone.Controller = function(options) {
+    options || (options = {});
+    if (options.routes) this.routes = options.routes;
+    this._bindRoutes();
+    if (this.initialize) this.initialize(options);
+  };
+
+  // Cached regular expressions for matching named param parts and splatted
+  // parts of route strings.
+  var namedParam = /:([\w\d]+)/g;
+  var splatParam = /\*([\w\d]+)/g;
+
+  // Set up all inheritable **Backbone.Controller** properties and methods.
+  _.extend(Backbone.Controller.prototype, Backbone.Events, {
+
+    // Manually bind a single named route to a callback. For example:
+    //
+    //     this.route('search/:query/p:num', 'search', function(query, num) {
+    //       ...
+    //     });
+    //
+    route : function(route, name, callback) {
+      Backbone.history || (Backbone.history = new Backbone.History);
+      if (!_.isRegExp(route)) route = this._routeToRegExp(route);
+      Backbone.history.route(route, _.bind(function(fragment) {
+        var args = this._extractParameters(route, fragment);
+        callback.apply(this, args);
+        this.trigger.apply(this, ['route:' + name].concat(args));
+      }, this));
+    },
+
+    // Simple proxy to `Backbone.history` to save a fragment into the history,
+    // without triggering routes.
+    saveLocation : function(fragment) {
+      Backbone.history.saveLocation(fragment);
+    },
+
+    // Bind all defined routes to `Backbone.history`.
+    _bindRoutes : function() {
+      if (!this.routes) return;
+      for (var route in this.routes) {
+        var name = this.routes[route];
+        this.route(route, name, this[name]);
+      }
+    },
+
+    // Convert a route string into a regular expression, suitable for matching
+    // against the current location fragment.
+    _routeToRegExp : function(route) {
+      route = route.replace(namedParam, "([^\/]*)").replace(splatParam, "(.*?)");
+      return new RegExp('^' + route + '$');
+    },
+
+    // Given a route, and a URL fragment that it matches, return the array of
+    // extracted parameters.
+    _extractParameters : function(route, fragment) {
+      return route.exec(fragment).slice(1);
+    }
+
+  });
+
+  // Backbone.History
+  // ----------------
+
+  // Handles cross-browser history management, based on URL hashes. If the
+  // browser does not support `onhashchange`, falls back to polling.
+  Backbone.History = function() {
+    this.handlers = [];
+    this.fragment = this.getFragment();
+    _.bindAll(this, 'checkUrl');
+  };
+
+  // Cached regex for cleaning hashes.
+  var hashStrip = /^#*/;
+
+  // Set up all inheritable **Backbone.History** properties and methods.
+  _.extend(Backbone.History.prototype, {
+
+    // The default interval to poll for hash changes, if necessary, is
+    // twenty times a second.
+    interval: 50,
+
+    // Get the cross-browser normalized URL fragment.
+    getFragment : function(loc) {
+      return (loc || window.location).hash.replace(hashStrip, '');
+    },
+
+    // Start the hash change handling, returning `true` if the current URL matches
+    // an existing route, and `false` otherwise.
+    start : function() {
+      var docMode = document.documentMode;
+      var oldIE = ($.browser.msie && docMode < 7);
+      if (oldIE) {
+        this.iframe = $('<iframe src="javascript:0" tabindex="-1" />').hide().appendTo('body')[0].contentWindow;
+      }
+      if ('onhashchange' in window && !oldIE) {
+        $(window).bind('hashchange', this.checkUrl);
+      } else {
+        setInterval(this.checkUrl, this.interval);
+      }
+      return this.loadUrl();
+    },
+
+    // Add a route to be tested when the hash changes. Routes are matched in the
+    // order they are added.
+    route : function(route, callback) {
+      this.handlers.push({route : route, callback : callback});
+    },
+
+    // Checks the current URL to see if it has changed, and if it has,
+    // calls `loadUrl`, normalizing across the hidden iframe.
+    checkUrl : function() {
+      var current = this.getFragment();
+      if (current == this.fragment && this.iframe) {
+        current = this.getFragment(this.iframe.location);
+      }
+      if (current == this.fragment ||
+          current == decodeURIComponent(this.fragment)) return false;
+      if (this.iframe) {
+        window.location.hash = this.iframe.location.hash = current;
+      }
+      this.loadUrl();
+    },
+
+    // Attempt to load the current URL fragment. If a route succeeds with a
+    // match, returns `true`. If no defined routes matches the fragment,
+    // returns `false`.
+    loadUrl : function() {
+      var fragment = this.fragment = this.getFragment();
+      var matched = _.any(this.handlers, function(handler) {
+        if (handler.route.test(fragment)) {
+          handler.callback(fragment);
+          return true;
+        }
+      });
+      return matched;
+    },
+
+    // Save a fragment into the hash history. You are responsible for properly
+    // URL-encoding the fragment in advance. This does not trigger
+    // a `hashchange` event.
+    saveLocation : function(fragment) {
+      fragment = (fragment || '').replace(hashStrip, '');
+      if (this.fragment == fragment) return;
+      window.location.hash = this.fragment = fragment;
+      if (this.iframe && (fragment != this.getFragment(this.iframe.location))) {
+        this.iframe.document.open().close();
+        this.iframe.location.hash = fragment;
+      }
+    }
+
+  });
+
+  // Backbone.View
+  // -------------
+
+  // Creating a Backbone.View creates its initial element outside of the DOM,
+  // if an existing element is not provided...
+  Backbone.View = function(options) {
+    this._configure(options || {});
+    this._ensureElement();
+    this.delegateEvents();
+    if (this.initialize) this.initialize(options);
+  };
+
+  // jQuery lookup, scoped to DOM elements within the current view.
+  // This should be prefered to global jQuery lookups, if you're dealing with
+  // a specific view.
+  var jQueryDelegate = function(selector) {
+    return $(selector, this.el);
+  };
+
+  // Cached regex to split keys for `delegate`.
+  var eventSplitter = /^(\w+)\s*(.*)$/;
+
+  // Set up all inheritable **Backbone.View** properties and methods.
+  _.extend(Backbone.View.prototype, Backbone.Events, {
+
+    // The default `tagName` of a View's element is `"div"`.
+    tagName : 'div',
+
+    // Attach the jQuery function as the `$` and `jQuery` properties.
+    $       : jQueryDelegate,
+    jQuery  : jQueryDelegate,
+
+    // **render** is the core function that your view should override, in order
+    // to populate its element (`this.el`), with the appropriate HTML. The
+    // convention is for **render** to always return `this`.
+    render : function() {
+      return this;
+    },
+
+    // Remove this view from the DOM. Note that the view isn't present in the
+    // DOM by default, so calling this method may be a no-op.
+    remove : function() {
+      $(this.el).remove();
+      return this;
+    },
+
+    // For small amounts of DOM Elements, where a full-blown template isn't
+    // needed, use **make** to manufacture elements, one at a time.
+    //
+    //     var el = this.make('li', {'class': 'row'}, this.model.get('title'));
+    //
+    make : function(tagName, attributes, content) {
+      var el = document.createElement(tagName);
+      if (attributes) $(el).attr(attributes);
+      if (content) $(el).html(content);
+      return el;
+    },
+
+    // Set callbacks, where `this.callbacks` is a hash of
+    //
+    // *{"event selector": "callback"}*
+    //
+    //     {
+    //       'mousedown .title':  'edit',
+    //       'click .button':     'save'
+    //     }
+    //
+    // pairs. Callbacks will be bound to the view, with `this` set properly.
+    // Uses jQuery event delegation for efficiency.
+    // Omitting the selector binds the event to `this.el`.
+    // This only works for delegate-able events: not `focus`, `blur`, and
+    // not `change`, `submit`, and `reset` in Internet Explorer.
+    delegateEvents : function(events) {
+      if (!(events || (events = this.events))) return;
+      $(this.el).unbind();
+      for (var key in events) {
+        var methodName = events[key];
+        var match = key.match(eventSplitter);
+        var eventName = match[1], selector = match[2];
+        var method = _.bind(this[methodName], this);
+        if (selector === '') {
+          $(this.el).bind(eventName, method);
+        } else {
+          $(this.el).delegate(selector, eventName, method);
+        }
+      }
+    },
+
+    // Performs the initial configuration of a View with a set of options.
+    // Keys with special meaning *(model, collection, id, className)*, are
+    // attached directly to the view.
+    _configure : function(options) {
+      if (this.options) options = _.extend({}, this.options, options);
+      if (options.model)      this.model      = options.model;
+      if (options.collection) this.collection = options.collection;
+      if (options.el)         this.el         = options.el;
+      if (options.id)         this.id         = options.id;
+      if (options.className)  this.className  = options.className;
+      if (options.tagName)    this.tagName    = options.tagName;
+      this.options = options;
+    },
+
+    // Ensure that the View has a DOM element to render into.
+    _ensureElement : function() {
+      if (this.el) return;
+      var attrs = {};
+      if (this.id) attrs.id = this.id;
+      if (this.className) attrs.className = this.className;
+      this.el = this.make(this.tagName, attrs);
+    }
+
+  });
+
+  // The self-propagating extend function that Backbone classes use.
+  var extend = function (protoProps, classProps) {
+    var child = inherits(this, protoProps, classProps);
+    child.extend = extend;
+    return child;
+  };
+
+  // Set up inheritance for the model, collection, and view.
+  Backbone.Model.extend = Backbone.Collection.extend =
+    Backbone.Controller.extend = Backbone.View.extend = extend;
+
+  // Map from CRUD to HTTP for our default `Backbone.sync` implementation.
+  var methodMap = {
+    'create': 'POST',
+    'update': 'PUT',
+    'delete': 'DELETE',
+    'read'  : 'GET'
+  };
+
+  // Backbone.sync
+  // -------------
+
+  // Override this function to change the manner in which Backbone persists
+  // models to the server. You will be passed the type of request, and the
+  // model in question. By default, uses jQuery to make a RESTful Ajax request
+  // to the model's `url()`. Some possible customizations could be:
+  //
+  // * Use `setTimeout` to batch rapid-fire updates into a single request.
+  // * Send up the models as XML instead of JSON.
+  // * Persist models via WebSockets instead of Ajax.
+  //
+  // Turn on `Backbone.emulateHTTP` in order to send `PUT` and `DELETE` requests
+  // as `POST`, with a `_method` parameter containing the true HTTP method,
+  // as well as all requests with the body as `application/x-www-form-urlencoded` instead of
+  // `application/json` with the model in a param named `model`.
+  // Useful when interfacing with server-side languages like **PHP** that make
+  // it difficult to read the body of `PUT` requests.
+  Backbone.sync = function(method, model, success, error) {
+    var type = methodMap[method];
+    var modelJSON = (method === 'create' || method === 'update') ?
+                    JSON.stringify(model.toJSON()) : null;
+
+    // Default JSON-request options.
+    var params = {
+      url:          getUrl(model),
+      type:         type,
+      contentType:  'application/json',
+      data:         modelJSON,
+      dataType:     'json',
+      processData:  false,
+      success:      success,
+      error:        error
+    };
+
+    // For older servers, emulate JSON by encoding the request into an HTML-form.
+    if (Backbone.emulateJSON) {
+      params.contentType = 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded';
+      params.processData = true;
+      params.data        = modelJSON ? {model : modelJSON} : {};
+    }
+
+    // For older servers, emulate HTTP by mimicking the HTTP method with `_method`
+    // And an `X-HTTP-Method-Override` header.
+    if (Backbone.emulateHTTP) {
+      if (type === 'PUT' || type === 'DELETE') {
+        if (Backbone.emulateJSON) params.data._method = type;
+        params.type = 'POST';
+        params.beforeSend = function(xhr) {
+          xhr.setRequestHeader("X-HTTP-Method-Override", type);
+        };
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Make the request.
+    $.ajax(params);
+  };
+
+  // Helpers
+  // -------
+
+  // Shared empty constructor function to aid in prototype-chain creation.
+  var ctor = function(){};
+
+  // Helper function to correctly set up the prototype chain, for subclasses.
+  // Similar to `goog.inherits`, but uses a hash of prototype properties and
+  // class properties to be extended.
+  var inherits = function(parent, protoProps, staticProps) {
+    var child;
+
+    // The constructor function for the new subclass is either defined by you
+    // (the "constructor" property in your `extend` definition), or defaulted
+    // by us to simply call `super()`.
+    if (protoProps && protoProps.hasOwnProperty('constructor')) {
+      child = protoProps.constructor;
+    } else {
+      child = function(){ return parent.apply(this, arguments); };
+    }
+
+    // Set the prototype chain to inherit from `parent`, without calling
+    // `parent`'s constructor function.
+    ctor.prototype = parent.prototype;
+    child.prototype = new ctor();
+
+    // Add prototype properties (instance properties) to the subclass,
+    // if supplied.
+    if (protoProps) _.extend(child.prototype, protoProps);
+
+    // Add static properties to the constructor function, if supplied.
+    if (staticProps) _.extend(child, staticProps);
+
+    // Correctly set child's `prototype.constructor`, for `instanceof`.
+    child.prototype.constructor = child;
+
+    // Set a convenience property in case the parent's prototype is needed later.
+    child.__super__ = parent.prototype;
+
+    return child;
+  };
+
+  // Helper function to get a URL from a Model or Collection as a property
+  // or as a function.
+  var getUrl = function(object) {
+    if (!(object && object.url)) throw new Error("A 'url' property or function must be specified");
+    return _.isFunction(object.url) ? object.url() : object.url;
+  };
+
+})();