babelphish 0.3.0 → 0.4.0

data/README.rdoc

@@ -6,6 +6,28 @@
 
 babelphish makes it simple to translate you yaml files into all the languages supported by Google Translate
 
+== NOTE:
+
+detect_language does not currently supported v2 of the Google API - Google doesn't provide the functionality. But you can easily switch between
+API version by calling Babelphish.set_settings({"api_key"=>"PUT YOUR KEY HERE", "version"=>"v2"}) or Babelphish.set_settings({"api_key"=>"", "version"=>"v1"}).
+
+== CONFIG:
+
+babelphish now supports version 2 of the Google API. To enable the new version you will need to get an API key from Google:
+https://code.google.com/apis/console/?pli=1#welcome
+
+Once you have the key create a file in your home directory called .babelphish.yml
+The contents should look like this:
+
+  api_key: THE KEY YOU GET FROM GOOGLE GOES HERE
+  version: v2
+
+You can also set the values programmatically:
+
+  Babelphish.set_settings({"api_key"=>"", "version"=>"v2"})
+
+Google places a 100,000 character limit per day on each API key. Once you hit the limit Google will begin returning 403 errors.
+
 == USAGE:
 
 Translate the en.yml file into all supported languages:
@@ -146,7 +168,7 @@ VIETNAMESE = 'vi'
 
 (The MIT License)
 
-Copyright (c) 2009-2010 Justin Ball
+Copyright (c) 2009-2011 Justin Ball
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the

data/Rakefile

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ begin
     gem.email = "justinball@gmail.com"
     gem.homepage = "http://github.com/jbasdf/babelphish"
     gem.description = "Babelphish helps you make a quick translation of your application using Google Translate."
-    gem.authors = ["Justin Ball"]
+    gem.authors = ["Justin Ball", "Michael Jenik"]
     gem.rubyforge_project = "babelphish"
     gem.add_dependency "ya2yaml"
     gem.add_dependency "json"

data/VERSION

@@ -1 +1 @@
-0.3.0
+0.4.0

data/babelphish.gemspec

@@ -5,11 +5,11 @@
 
 Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.name = %q{babelphish}
-  s.version = "0.3.0"
+  s.version = "0.4.0"
 
   s.required_rubygems_version = Gem::Requirement.new(">= 0") if s.respond_to? :required_rubygems_version=
-  s.authors = ["Justin Ball"]
-  s.date = %q{2011-01-12}
+  s.authors = ["Justin Ball", "Michael Jenik"]
+  s.date = %q{2011-03-15}
   s.default_executable = %q{babelphish}
   s.description = %q{Babelphish helps you make a quick translation of your application using Google Translate.}
   s.email = %q{justinball@gmail.com}
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.homepage = %q{http://github.com/jbasdf/babelphish}
   s.require_paths = ["lib"]
   s.rubyforge_project = %q{babelphish}
-  s.rubygems_version = %q{1.3.7}
+  s.rubygems_version = %q{1.6.0}
   s.summary = %q{Translate with Google like a fule => 'fool'}
   s.test_files = [
     "test/test_babelphish.rb",
@@ -83,7 +83,6 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   ]
 
   if s.respond_to? :specification_version then
-    current_version = Gem::Specification::CURRENT_SPECIFICATION_VERSION
     s.specification_version = 3
 
     if Gem::Version.new(Gem::VERSION) >= Gem::Version.new('1.2.0') then

data/lib/babelphish/translator.rb

@@ -6,27 +6,67 @@ module Babelphish
       # from: http://ruby.geraldbauer.ca/google-translation-api.html
       # translate text from 'from' to 'to'
       def translate(text, to, from = 'en', tries = 0)
-
         return if to == from
-        base = Babelphish::GOOGLE_AJAX_URL + 'translate' 
-        # assemble query params
-        params = {
-          :langpair => "#{from}|#{to}", 
-          :q => text,
-          :v => 1.0  
-        }
-        query = params.map{ |k,v| "#{k}=#{CGI.escape(v.to_s)}" }.join('&')
+        if text.is_a? Symbol 
+           return text
+        end
+        
+        if text.length > 1000  #actually the USI length limit is 2000
+           text_now = ""
+           text_rem = ""
+           text.split(".") do |text_chunk|
+              if text_now.length < 1000
+                 text_now += (text_now.length == 0 ? "" : ".") + text_chunk
+              else
+                 text_rem += (text_now.length == 0 ? "" : ".") + text_chunk
+              end 
+           end
+           return translate(text_now, to, from) + "." + translate(text_rem, to, from)
+        end
+        
+        base = Babelphish.google_ajax_url 
+        if Babelphish.api_version == 'v2'
+          # assemble query params
+          params = {
+            :source => "#{from}", 
+            :target => "#{to}", 
+            :q => text,
+            :key => Babelphish.settings['api_key']
+          }
+        else
+          base << 'translate' 
+          # assemble query params
+          params = {
+            :langpair => "#{from}|#{to}", 
+            :source => "#{from}", 
+            :target => "#{to}", 
+            :q => text,
+            :v => 1.0  
+          }
+        end
+        
         # send get request
-        response = Net::HTTP.get_response( URI.parse( "#{base}?#{query}" ) )
-        json = JSON.parse( response.body )
-        if json['responseStatus'] == 200
-          json['responseData']['translatedText']
+        uri = URI.parse(base)
+        uri.query = params.map{ |k,v| "#{k}=#{CGI.escape(v.to_s)}" }.join('&')
+        http = Net::HTTP.new( uri.host, uri.port )
+        http.use_ssl = true if uri.scheme == "https" # enable SSL/TLS
+        response = nil
+        
+        http.start {|http| response = http.request_get(uri.request_uri) }
+        
+        if response.code == "200" 
+          json = JSON.parse(response.body)
+          if Babelphish.api_version == 'v2'
+            json['data']['translations'][0]['translatedText']
+          else
+            json['responseData']['translatedText']
+          end
         else
           if tries <= Babelphish::MAX_RETRIES
             # Try again a few more times
             translate(text, to, from, tries+=1)
           else
-            raise Exceptions::GoogleResponseError, "A problem occured while translating from #{from} to #{to}.  #{json['responseDetails']}"
+            raise Exceptions::GoogleResponseError, "A problem occured while translating from #{from} to #{to}.  #{response.body}"
           end
         end
       end
@@ -45,50 +85,59 @@ module Babelphish
       #      
       def multiple_translate(text, tos, from = 'en', tries = 0)
         return {} if text.strip.empty? # Google doesn't like it when you send them an empty string
-        base = Babelphish::GOOGLE_AJAX_URL + 'translate'
-        # assemble query params
-        params = {
-          :q => text,
-          :v => 1.0
-        }
-        query = params.map{ |k,v| "#{k}=#{CGI.escape(v.to_s)}" }.join('&')
-        
-        tos.each do |to|
-          if !Babelphish::GoogleTranslate::LANGUAGES.include?(to)
-            raise Exceptions::GoogleResponseError, "#{to} is not a valid Google Translate code.  Please be sure language codes are one of: #{Babelphish::GoogleTranslate::LANGUAGES.join(',')}"
-          end
-          query <<  "&langpair=" + CGI.escape("#{from}|#{to}")
-        end
 
-        response = Net::HTTP.get_response( URI.parse( "#{base}?#{query}" ) )
-        json = JSON.parse( response.body )
-
-        if json['responseStatus'] == 200
+        if Babelphish.api_version == 'v2'
           results = {}
-          json['responseData'].each_with_index do |data, index|
-            if data['responseStatus'] == 200
-              results[tos[index]] = data['responseData']['translatedText']
-            else
-              # retry the single translation
-              translate(text, tos[index], from)
-            end
+          tos.each do |to|
+            results[to] = translate( text, to, from )
           end
           results
         else
-          if tries <= Babelphish::MAX_RETRIES
-            # Try again a few more times
-            multiple_translate(text, tos, from, tries+=1)
+          base = Babelphish.google_ajax_url + 'translate'
+          # assemble query params
+          params = {
+            :q => text,
+            :v => 1.0
+          }
+          query = params.map{ |k,v| "#{k}=#{CGI.escape(v.to_s)}" }.join('&')
+
+          tos.each do |to|
+            if !Babelphish::GoogleTranslate::LANGUAGES.include?(to)
+              raise Exceptions::GoogleResponseError, "#{to} is not a valid Google Translate code.  Please be sure language codes are one of: #{Babelphish::GoogleTranslate::LANGUAGES.join(',')}"
+            end
+            query <<  "&langpair=" + CGI.escape("#{from}|#{to}")
+          end
+
+          response = Net::HTTP.get_response( URI.parse( "#{base}?#{query}" ) )
+          json = JSON.parse( response.body )
+
+          if json['responseStatus'] == 200
+            results = {}
+            if json['responseData'].is_a?(Array)
+              json['responseData'].each_with_index do |data, index|
+                results[tos[index]] = data['responseData']['translatedText']
+              end
+            else
+              results[tos[0]] = json['responseData']['translatedText']
+            end
+            results
           else
-            raise Exceptions::GoogleResponseError, "A problem occured while translating.  #{response} -- #{response.body} -- From: #{from} -- Text: #{text}"
+            if tries <= Babelphish::MAX_RETRIES
+              # Try again a few more times
+              multiple_translate(text, tos, from, tries+=1)
+            else
+              raise Exceptions::GoogleResponseError, "A problem occured while translating.  #{response} -- #{response.body} -- From: #{from} -- Text: #{text}"
+            end
           end
         end
+
       end
 
       # Sends a string to google to attempt to detect the language.  
       # Returns an array indicating success/fail and the resulting data from google in a hash:
       # {"language"=>"en", "confidence"=>0.08594032, "isReliable"=>false}
       def detect_language(text)
-        request = Babelphish::GOOGLE_AJAX_URL + "detect?v=1.0&q=" + CGI.escape(text) 
+        request = Babelphish.google_ajax_url + "detect?v=1.0&q=" + CGI.escape(text) 
         # send get request
         response = Net::HTTP.get_response( URI.parse( request ) )
         json = JSON.parse( response.body )
@@ -101,4 +150,4 @@ module Babelphish
       
     end
   end
-end
+end

data/lib/babelphish/yml_translator.rb

@@ -44,20 +44,29 @@ module Babelphish
       end
       
       def translate_keys(translate_hash, to, from)
-        translate_hash.each_key do |key|
-          if translate_hash[key].is_a?(Hash)
-            translate_keys(translate_hash[key], to, from)
-          else
-            if key == false
-              puts "Key #{key} was evaluated as false.  Check your yml file and be sure to escape values like no with 'no'.  ie 'no': 'No'"
-            elsif key == true
-              puts "Key #{key} was evaluated as true.  Check your yml file and be sure to escape values like yes with 'yes'. ie 'yes': 'Yes'"
-            elsif !translate_hash[key].nil?
-              add_substitutions(translate_hash[key])
-              translate_hash[key] = Babelphish::Translator.translate(translate_hash[key], to, from)
-              remove_substitutions(translate_hash[key])              
+        if translate_hash.is_a?(String)
+          add_substitutions(translate_hash)
+          translate_hash = Babelphish::Translator.translate(translate_hash, to, from)
+          remove_substitutions(translate_hash)              
+        elsif translate_hash.is_a?(Array)
+          translate_hash.map!{ |x| if !x.nil? then Babelphish::Translator.translate(x, to, from) else "" end }
+        elsif translate_hash.is_a?(Hash)
+          translate_hash.each_key do |key|
+            next if translate_hash[key].is_a?(Fixnum)
+            if translate_hash[key].is_a?(Hash) || translate_hash[key].is_a?(Array)
+              translate_keys(translate_hash[key], to, from)
             else
-              puts "Key #{key} contains no data"
+              if key == false
+                puts "Key #{key} was evaluated as false.  Check your yml file and be sure to escape values like no with 'no'.  ie 'no': 'No'"
+              elsif key == true
+                puts "Key #{key} was evaluated as true.  Check your yml file and be sure to escape values like yes with 'yes'. ie 'yes': 'Yes'"
+              elsif !translate_hash[key].nil?
+                add_substitutions(translate_hash[key])
+                translate_hash[key] = Babelphish::Translator.translate(translate_hash[key], to, from)
+                remove_substitutions(translate_hash[key])              
+              else
+                puts "Key #{key} contains no data"
+              end
             end
           end
         end
@@ -139,4 +148,4 @@ module Babelphish
       
     end
   end
-end
+end

data/lib/babelphish.rb

@@ -4,7 +4,8 @@ $:.unshift(File.dirname(__FILE__)) unless
 require 'yaml'
 require 'cgi'
 require 'json'
-require 'net/http'
+#require 'net/http'
+require 'net/https'
 
 begin
   require 'jcode'
@@ -35,10 +36,35 @@ require File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/../lib/babelphish/html_translator'
 $KCODE = 'UTF8'
   
 module Babelphish
-
-  GOOGLE_AJAX_URL = "http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/services/language/"
+  
   MAX_RETRIES = 3
   
+  def self.google_ajax_url
+    if api_version == 'v2'
+      "https://www.googleapis.com/language/translate/v2"
+    else
+      "http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/services/language/"
+    end
+  end
+  
+  def self.api_version
+    self.settings['version']
+  end
+  
+  def self.settings
+    return @settings if @settings
+    babelphish_settings_file = File.join(File.expand_path("~"), ".babelphish.yml")
+    if File.exist?(babelphish_settings_file)
+      @settings = YAML.load_file(babelphish_settings_file)
+    else
+      @settings = {"api_key"=>"", "version"=>"v1"}
+    end
+  end
+  
+  def self.set_settings(settings)
+    @settings = settings
+  end
+  
   def self.load_tasks
     if File.exists?('Rakefile')
       load 'Rakefile'
@@ -49,4 +75,4 @@ module Babelphish
     end
   end
 
-end
+end

data/test/test_babelphish.rb

@@ -3,12 +3,15 @@ require File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/test_helper.rb'
 class TestBabelphish < Test::Unit::TestCase
 
   def test_translate
+    Babelphish.set_settings(nil)
     translation = Babelphish::Translator.translate('hello', 'es', 'en')
-    assert_equal '¡Hola', translation
+    assert_equal 'hola', translation
   end
   
   def test_run_each_language
-    Babelphish::GoogleTranslate::LANGUAGES.each do |language|
+    Babelphish.set_settings(nil)
+    #Babelphish::GoogleTranslate::LANGUAGES.each do |language|  # Running all languages is time consuming and probably pisses off google
+    ['es', 'fr'].each do |language|
       begin
         translation = Babelphish::Translator.translate('hello', language)
       rescue => ex
@@ -18,21 +21,65 @@ class TestBabelphish < Test::Unit::TestCase
   end
   
   def test_multiple_translate
-    translations = Babelphish::Translator.multiple_translate('hello', Babelphish::GoogleTranslate::LANGUAGES, 'en')
-    assert_equal '¡Hola', translations[Babelphish::GoogleTranslate::SPANISH]
+    Babelphish.set_settings(nil)
+    translations = Babelphish::Translator.multiple_translate('hello', [Babelphish::GoogleTranslate::SPANISH, 
+                                                                       Babelphish::GoogleTranslate::GERMAN,
+                                                                       Babelphish::GoogleTranslate::ITALIAN,
+                                                                       Babelphish::GoogleTranslate::ROMANIAN,
+                                                                       Babelphish::GoogleTranslate::JAPANESE], 'en')
+    assert_equal 'hola', translations[Babelphish::GoogleTranslate::SPANISH]
     assert_equal 'hallo', translations[Babelphish::GoogleTranslate::GERMAN]
     assert_equal 'ciao', translations[Babelphish::GoogleTranslate::ITALIAN]
     assert_equal 'alo', translations[Babelphish::GoogleTranslate::ROMANIAN]
     assert_equal 'こんにちは', translations[Babelphish::GoogleTranslate::JAPANESE]
   end
   
-  def test_detect_language    
+  def test_supported_languages
+    Babelphish.set_settings(nil)
+    assert_equal Babelphish::Translator.supported_languages, Babelphish::GoogleTranslate::LANGUAGES
+  end
+  
+  # run same tests with v1 of the api
+  def test_translate_v1
+    Babelphish.set_settings({"api_key"=>"", "version"=>"v1"})
+    translation = Babelphish::Translator.translate('hello', 'es', 'en')
+    assert_equal 'hola', translation
+  end
+  
+  def test_run_each_language_v1
+    Babelphish.set_settings({"api_key"=>"", "version"=>"v1"})
+    ['es'].each do |language|
+      begin
+        translation = Babelphish::Translator.translate('hello', language)
+      rescue => ex
+        puts "There was a problem translating to #{language}:  #{ex}"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+  
+  def test_multiple_translate_v1
+    Babelphish.set_settings({"api_key"=>"", "version"=>"v1"})
+    translations = Babelphish::Translator.multiple_translate('hello', [Babelphish::GoogleTranslate::SPANISH, 
+                                                                       Babelphish::GoogleTranslate::GERMAN,
+                                                                       Babelphish::GoogleTranslate::ITALIAN,
+                                                                       Babelphish::GoogleTranslate::ROMANIAN,
+                                                                       Babelphish::GoogleTranslate::JAPANESE], 'en')
+    assert_equal 'hola', translations[Babelphish::GoogleTranslate::SPANISH]
+    assert_equal 'hallo', translations[Babelphish::GoogleTranslate::GERMAN]
+    assert_equal 'ciao', translations[Babelphish::GoogleTranslate::ITALIAN]
+    assert_equal 'alo', translations[Babelphish::GoogleTranslate::ROMANIAN]
+    assert_equal 'こんにちは', translations[Babelphish::GoogleTranslate::JAPANESE]
+  end
+  
+  def test_detect_language_v1
+    Babelphish.set_settings({"api_key"=>"", "version"=>"v1"})
     success, result = Babelphish::Translator.detect_language('hello world')
     assert success, "Failed to detect language"
     assert_equal Babelphish::GoogleTranslate::ENGLISH, result['language']
   end
   
-  def test_supported_languages
+  def test_supported_languages_v1
+    Babelphish.set_settings({"api_key"=>"", "version"=>"v1"})
     assert_equal Babelphish::Translator.supported_languages, Babelphish::GoogleTranslate::LANGUAGES
   end
   

data/test/test_html_translator.rb

@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ class TestHtmlTranslator < Test::Unit::TestCase
     overwrite = true
     translate_from = 'en'
     directory = File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), 'html_translations')
-    Babelphish::HtmlTranslator.translate(directory, Babelphish::GoogleTranslate::LANGUAGES, translate_from, overwrite)
-    Babelphish::GoogleTranslate::LANGUAGES.each do |to|
+    Babelphish::HtmlTranslator.translate(directory, ['es'], translate_from, overwrite)
+    ['es'].each do |to|
       if to != translate_from
         # This will make sure the file was created
         translated_html = File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), 'html_translations', "test.#{to}.html.erb")
@@ -23,8 +23,8 @@ class TestHtmlTranslator < Test::Unit::TestCase
     overwrite = true
     translate_from = 'en'
     directory = File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), 'html_translations')
-    Babelphish::HtmlTranslator.translate(directory, Babelphish::GoogleTranslate::LANGUAGES, translate_from, overwrite)
-    Babelphish::GoogleTranslate::LANGUAGES.each do |to|
+    Babelphish::HtmlTranslator.translate(directory, ['es'], translate_from, overwrite)
+    ['es'].each do |to|
       if to != translate_from
         # This will make sure the file was created
         translated_html = File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), 'html_translations', "test.text.#{to}.html.erb")
@@ -40,8 +40,8 @@ class TestHtmlTranslator < Test::Unit::TestCase
     overwrite = true
     translate_from = 'en'
     directory = File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), 'html_translations')
-    Babelphish::HtmlTranslator.translate(directory, Babelphish::GoogleTranslate::LANGUAGES, translate_from, overwrite)
-    Babelphish::GoogleTranslate::LANGUAGES.each do |to|
+    Babelphish::HtmlTranslator.translate(directory, ['es'], translate_from, overwrite)
+    ['es'].each do |to|
       if to != translate_from
         # This will make sure the file was created
         translated_html = File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), 'html_translations', "test.text.#{to}.plain.erb")

data/test/test_yml_translator.rb

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ require File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/test_helper.rb'
 class TestYmlTranslator < Test::Unit::TestCase
   
   def test_single_yml_translation
+    Babelphish.set_settings(nil) # Make sure the .babelphish.yml settings are used
     overwrite = true
     translate_to = 'es'
     yml = File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), 'translations', 'en.yml')
@@ -12,14 +13,46 @@ class TestYmlTranslator < Test::Unit::TestCase
     assert translation['es']
     assert translation['es']['babelphish']
     assert_equal "Se trata de un nivel inferior", translation['es']['babelphish']['more']['test_more']
-    assert_equal "Esto es una cadena de prueba", translation['es']['babelphish']['test']
-    assert_equal "Esta es una cadena con incrustación {{insert}}", translation['es']['babelphish']['test_embedded']
+    assert_equal "Esta es una cadena de prueba", translation['es']['babelphish']['test']
+    assert_equal "Esto es una cadena con incrustación {{insert}}", translation['es']['babelphish']['test_embedded']
   end
   
   def test_multiple_yml_translation
+    Babelphish.set_settings(nil) # Make sure the .babelphish.yml settings are used
     overwrite = true
     yml = File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), 'translations', 'en.yml')
-    tos = Babelphish::GoogleTranslate::LANGUAGES
+    tos = ['es']
+    Babelphish::YmlTranslator.translate(yml, overwrite, nil, tos)
+    tos.each do |to|
+      translated_yml = File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), 'translations', "#{to}.yml")
+      translation = YAML.load_file(translated_yml)
+      assert translation[to]
+      assert translation[to]['babelphish']['test_embedded'].include?("{{insert}}")
+    end
+  end
+  
+  
+  # run same tests with v1 of the api
+  def test_single_yml_translation_v1
+    Babelphish.set_settings({"api_key"=>"", "version"=>"v1"})
+    overwrite = true
+    translate_to = 'es'
+    yml = File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), 'translations', 'en.yml')
+    Babelphish::YmlTranslator.translate(yml, overwrite, translate_to)
+    translated_yml = File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), 'translations', "#{translate_to}.yml")
+    translation = YAML.load_file(translated_yml)
+    assert translation['es']
+    assert translation['es']['babelphish']
+    assert_equal "Se trata de un nivel inferior", translation['es']['babelphish']['more']['test_more']
+    assert_equal "Esta es una cadena de prueba", translation['es']['babelphish']['test']
+    assert_equal "Esto es una cadena con incrustación {{insert}}", translation['es']['babelphish']['test_embedded']
+  end
+  
+  def test_multiple_yml_translation_v1
+    Babelphish.set_settings({"api_key"=>"", "version"=>"v1"})
+    overwrite = true
+    yml = File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), 'translations', 'en.yml')
+    tos = ['es']
     Babelphish::YmlTranslator.translate(yml, overwrite, nil, tos)
     tos.each do |to|
       translated_yml = File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), 'translations', "#{to}.yml")

metadata

@@ -1,21 +1,22 @@
 --- !ruby/object:Gem::Specification 
 name: babelphish
 version: !ruby/object:Gem::Version 
-  hash: 19
-  prerelease: false
+  hash: 15
+  prerelease: 
   segments: 
   - 0
-  - 3
+  - 4
   - 0
-  version: 0.3.0
+  version: 0.4.0
 platform: ruby
 authors: 
 - Justin Ball
+- Michael Jenik
 autorequire: 
 bindir: bin
 cert_chain: []
 
-date: 2011-01-12 00:00:00 -07:00
+date: 2011-03-15 00:00:00 -06:00
 default_executable: babelphish
 dependencies: 
 - !ruby/object:Gem::Dependency 
@@ -136,7 +137,7 @@ required_rubygems_version: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
 requirements: []
 
 rubyforge_project: babelphish
-rubygems_version: 1.3.7
+rubygems_version: 1.6.0
 signing_key: 
 specification_version: 3
 summary: Translate with Google like a fule => 'fool'