artofwar 0.0.1 → 0.0.2

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data/README.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # Artofwar
 
-TODO: Write a gem description
+The Artofwar gem is a command line app that takes a random passage from Sun Tzu's Art of War.
 
 ## Installation
 
@@ -16,10 +16,6 @@ Or install it yourself as:
 
     $ gem install artofwar
 
-## Usage
-
-TODO: Write usage instructions here
-
 ## Contributing
 
 1. Fork it
@@ -27,3 +23,7 @@ TODO: Write usage instructions here
 3. Commit your changes (`git commit -am 'Add some feature'`)
 4. Push to the branch (`git push origin my-new-feature`)
 5. Create new Pull Request
+
+
+Text provided by [*MIT Classics Archive*](http://classics.mit.edu/)
+gem by [Conrad Ottey](https://github.com/CaptConrado).

data/artofwar.gemspec

@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
   spec.version       = Artofwar::VERSION
   spec.authors       = ["Conrad Ottey"]
   spec.email         = ["ottey001@gmail.com"]
-  spec.description   = %q{Art of War lorem ipsum generator.}
-  spec.summary       = %q{simply generates Sun Tsu's art of war loren ipsum text }
+  spec.description   = %q{Art of War line generator.}
+  spec.summary       = %q{simply generates a random passage from Sun Tzu's Art Of War.}
   spec.homepage      = ""
   spec.license       = "MIT"
 

data/lib/artofwar.rb

@@ -1,7 +1,34 @@
 require "artofwar/version"
 
+text = File.read('artwar.1b.txt')
+chapters = []
+lined_text = []
+
+text = text.split('----------------------------------------------------------------------').shift
+
+text_array = text.split("\n\n")
+
+text_array.pop
+3.times do
+	text_array.shift
+end
+
+text_array.each do |thing|
+	if thing =~ /\d/
+		line = "#{thing}"
+		lined_text.push(line)
+	else
+		chap_titles = "Chapter #{thing}"
+		chapters.push(chap_titles)
+	end
+end
+
+# puts chapters
+@passage = lined_text.sample
+
 module Artofwar
-  def self.ipsum
-  	"Hence the saying: If you know the enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the result of a hundred battles. If you know yourself but not the enemy, for every victory gained you will also suffer a defeat. If you know neither the enemy nor yourself, you will succumb in every battle."
+  def self.passage
+  	puts @passage
   end
 end
+

data/lib/artofwar/version.rb

@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 module Artofwar
-  VERSION = "0.0.1"
+  VERSION = "0.0.2"
 end

data/lib/artwar.1b.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,1481 @@
+
+<BASE HREF="http://classics.mit.edu/Tzu/artwar.1b.txt"><table border=1 width=100%><tr><td><table border=1 bgcolor=#ffffff cellpadding=10 cellspacing=0 width=100% color=#ffffff><tr><td><font face=arial,sans-serif color=black size=-1>This is <b><font color=#0039b6>G</font><font color=#c41200>o</font><font color=#f3c518>o</font><font color=#0039b6>g</font><font color=#30a72f>l</font><font color=#c41200>e</font></b>'s <a href="http://www.google.com/intl/en_extra/help/features.html#cached">cache</a> of <A HREF="http://classics.mit.edu/Tzu/artwar.1b.txt"><font color=blue>classics.mit.edu/Tzu/artwar.1b.txt</font></a>.<br>
+<b><font color=#0039b6>G</font><font color=#c41200>o</font><font color=#f3c518>o</font><font color=#0039b6>g</font><font color=#30a72f>l</font><font color=#c41200>e</font></b>'s cache is the snapshot that we took of the page as we crawled the web.<br>
+The page may have changed since that time.  Click here for the <A HREF="http://classics.mit.edu/Tzu/artwar.1b.txt"><font color=blue>current page</font></a> without highlighting.</font><br><br><center><font size=-2 color=black><i>Google is not affiliated with the authors of this page nor responsible for its content.</i></font></center></td></tr></table></td></tr></table><hr>
+<html><body><pre>
+Provided by The Internet Classics Archive.
+See bottom for copyright. Available online at
+    http://classics.mit.edu//Tzu/artwar.html
+
+The Art of War
+By Sun Tzu
+
+
+Translated by Lionel Giles
+
+I. Laying Plans
+
+1. Sun Tzu said: The art of war is of vital importance to the State.
+
+2. It is a matter of life and death, a road either to safety or to
+ruin. Hence it is a subject of inquiry which can on no account be
+neglected. 
+
+3. The art of war, then, is governed by five constant factors, to
+be taken into account in one's deliberations, when seeking to determine
+the conditions obtaining in the field. 
+
+4. These are: (1) The Moral Law; (2) Heaven; (3) Earth; (4) The Commander;
+(5) Method and discipline. 
+
+5,6. The Moral Law causes the people to be in complete accord with
+their ruler, so that they will follow him regardless of their lives,
+undismayed by any danger. 
+
+7. Heaven signifies night and day, cold and heat, times and seasons.
+
+8. Earth comprises distances, great and small; danger and security;
+open ground and narrow passes; the chances of life and death.
+
+9. The Commander stands for the virtues of wisdom, sincerely, benevolence,
+courage and strictness. 
+
+10. By method and discipline are to be understood the marshaling of
+the army in its proper subdivisions, the graduations of rank among
+the officers, the maintenance of roads by which supplies may reach
+the army, and the control of military expenditure. 
+
+11. These five heads should be familiar to every general: he who knows
+them will be victorious; he who knows them not will fail.
+
+12. Therefore, in your deliberations, when seeking to determine the
+military conditions, let them be made the basis of a comparison, in
+this wise:-- 
+
+13. (1) Which of the two sovereigns is imbued with the Moral law?
+(2) Which of the two generals has most ability? (3) With whom lie
+the advantages derived from Heaven and Earth? (4) On which side is
+discipline most rigorously enforced? (5) Which army is stronger? (6)
+On which side are officers and men more highly trained? (7) In which
+army is there the greater constancy both in reward and punishment?
+
+14. By means of these seven considerations I can forecast victory
+or defeat. 
+
+15. The general that hearkens to my counsel and acts upon it, will
+conquer: let such a one be retained in command! The general that hearkens
+not to my counsel nor acts upon it, will suffer defeat:--let such
+a one be dismissed! 
+
+16. While heading the profit of my counsel, avail yourself also of
+any helpful circumstances over and beyond the ordinary rules.
+
+17. According as circumstances are favorable, one should modify one's
+plans. 
+
+18. All warfare is based on deception. 
+
+19. Hence, when able to attack, we must seem unable; when using our
+forces, we must seem inactive; when we are near, we must make the
+enemy believe we are far away; when far away, we must make him believe
+we are near. 
+
+20. Hold out baits to entice the enemy. Feign disorder, and crush
+him. 
+
+21. If he is secure at all points, be prepared for him. If he is in
+superior strength, evade him. 
+
+22. If your opponent is of choleric temper, seek to irritate him.
+Pretend to be weak, that he may grow arrogant. 
+
+23. If he is taking his ease, give him no rest. If his forces are
+united, separate them. 
+
+24. Attack him where he is unprepared, appear where you are not expected.
+
+25. These military devices, leading to victory, must not be divulged
+beforehand. 
+
+26. Now the general who wins a battle makes many calculations in his
+temple ere the battle is fought. The general who loses a battle makes
+but few calculations beforehand. Thus do many calculations lead to
+victory, and few calculations to defeat: how much more no calculation
+at all! It is by attention to this point that I can foresee who is
+likely to win or lose. 
+
+II. Waging War
+
+1. Sun Tzu said: In the operations of war, where there are in the
+field a thousand swift chariots, as many heavy chariots, and a hundred
+thousand mail-clad soldiers, with provisions enough to carry them
+a thousand li, the expenditure at home and at the front, including
+entertainment of guests, small items such as glue and paint, and sums
+spent on chariots and armor, will reach the total of a thousand ounces
+of silver per day. Such is the cost of raising an army of 100,000
+men. 
+
+2. When you engage in actual fighting, if victory is long in coming,
+then men's weapons will grow dull and their ardor will be damped.
+If you lay siege to a town, you will exhaust your strength.
+
+3. Again, if the campaign is protracted, the resources of the State
+will not be equal to the strain. 
+
+4. Now, when your weapons are dulled, your ardor damped, your strength
+exhausted and your treasure spent, other chieftains will spring up
+to take advantage of your extremity. Then no man, however wise, will
+be able to avert the consequences that must ensue. 
+
+5. Thus, though we have heard of stupid haste in war, cleverness has
+never been seen associated with long delays. 
+
+6. There is no instance of a country having benefited from prolonged
+warfare. 
+
+7. It is only one who is thoroughly acquainted with the evils of war
+that can thoroughly understand the profitable way of carrying it on.
+
+8. The skillful soldier does not raise a second levy, neither are
+his supply-wagons loaded more than twice. 
+
+9. Bring war material with you from home, but forage on the enemy.
+Thus the army will have food enough for its needs. 
+
+10. Poverty of the State exchequer causes an army to be maintained
+by contributions from a distance. Contributing to maintain an army
+at a distance causes the people to be impoverished. 
+
+11. On the other hand, the proximity of an army causes prices to go
+up; and high prices cause the people's substance to be drained away.
+
+12. When their substance is drained away, the peasantry will be afflicted
+by heavy exactions. 
+
+13,14. With this loss of substance and exhaustion of strength, the
+homes of the people will be stripped bare, and three-tenths of their
+income will be dissipated; while government expenses for broken chariots,
+worn-out horses, breast-plates and helmets, bows and arrows, spears
+and shields, protective mantles, draught-oxen and heavy wagons, will
+amount to four-tenths of its total revenue. 
+
+15. Hence a wise general makes a point of foraging on the enemy. One
+cartload of the enemy's provisions is equivalent to twenty of one's
+own, and likewise a single picul of his provender is equivalent to
+twenty from one's own store. 
+
+16. Now in order to kill the enemy, our men must be roused to anger;
+that there may be advantage from defeating the enemy, they must have
+their rewards. 
+
+17. Therefore in chariot fighting, when ten or more chariots have
+been taken, those should be rewarded who took the first. Our own flags
+should be substituted for those of the enemy, and the chariots mingled
+and used in conjunction with ours. The captured soldiers should be
+kindly treated and kept. 
+
+18. This is called, using the conquered foe to augment one's own strength.
+
+19. In war, then, let your great object be victory, not lengthy campaigns.
+
+20. Thus it may be known that the leader of armies is the arbiter
+of the people's fate, the man on whom it depends whether the nation
+shall be in peace or in peril. 
+
+III. Attack by Stratagem
+
+1. Sun Tzu said: In the practical art of war, the best thing of all
+is to take the enemy's country whole and intact; to shatter and destroy
+it is not so good. So, too, it is better to recapture an army entire
+than to destroy it, to capture a regiment, a detachment or a company
+entire than to destroy them. 
+
+2. Hence to fight and conquer in all your battles is not supreme excellence;
+supreme excellence consists in breaking the enemy's resistance without
+fighting. 
+
+3. Thus the highest form of generalship is to balk the enemy's plans;
+the next best is to prevent the junction of the enemy's forces; the
+next in order is to attack the enemy's army in the field; and the
+worst policy of all is to besiege walled cities. 
+
+4. The rule is, not to besiege walled cities if it can possibly be
+avoided. The preparation of mantlets, movable shelters, and various
+implements of war, will take up three whole months; and the piling
+up of mounds over against the walls will take three months more.
+
+5. The general, unable to control his irritation, will launch his
+men to the assault like swarming ants, with the result that one-third
+of his men are slain, while the town still remains untaken. Such are
+the disastrous effects of a siege. 
+
+6. Therefore the skillful leader subdues the enemy's troops without
+any fighting; he captures their cities without laying siege to them;
+he overthrows their kingdom without lengthy operations in the field.
+
+7. With his forces intact he will dispute the mastery of the Empire,
+and thus, without losing a man, his triumph will be complete. This
+is the method of attacking by stratagem. 
+
+8. It is the rule in war, if our forces are ten to the enemy's one,
+to surround him; if five to one, to attack him; if twice as numerous,
+to divide our army into two. 
+
+9. If equally matched, we can offer battle; if slightly inferior in
+numbers, we can avoid the enemy; if quite unequal in every way, we
+can flee from him. 
+
+10. Hence, though an obstinate fight may be made by a small force,
+in the end it must be captured by the larger force. 
+
+11. Now the general is the bulwark of the State; if the bulwark is
+complete at all points; the State will be strong; if the bulwark is
+defective, the State will be weak. 
+
+12. There are three ways in which a ruler can bring misfortune upon
+his army:-- 
+
+13. (1) By commanding the army to advance or to retreat, being ignorant
+of the fact that it cannot obey. This is called hobbling the army.
+
+14. (2) By attempting to govern an army in the same way as he administers
+a kingdom, being ignorant of the conditions which obtain in an army.
+This causes restlessness in the soldier's minds. 
+
+15. (3) By employing the officers of his army without discrimination,
+through ignorance of the military principle of adaptation to circumstances.
+This shakes the confidence of the soldiers. 
+
+16. But when the army is restless and distrustful, trouble is sure
+to come from the other feudal princes. This is simply bringing anarchy
+into the army, and flinging victory away. 
+
+17. Thus we may know that there are five essentials for victory: (1)
+He will win who knows when to fight and when not to fight. (2) He
+will win who knows how to handle both superior and inferior forces.
+(3) He will win whose army is animated by the same spirit throughout
+all its ranks. (4) He will win who, prepared himself, waits to take
+the enemy unprepared. (5) He will win who has military capacity and
+is not interfered with by the sovereign. 
+
+18. Hence the saying: If you know the enemy and know yourself, you
+need not fear the result of a hundred battles. If you know yourself
+but not the enemy, for every victory gained you will also suffer a
+defeat. If you know neither the enemy nor yourself, you will succumb
+in every battle. 
+
+IV. Tactical Dispositions
+
+1. Sun Tzu said: The good fighters of old first put themselves beyond
+the possibility of defeat, and then waited for an opportunity of defeating
+the enemy. 
+
+2. To secure ourselves against defeat lies in our own hands, but the
+opportunity of defeating the enemy is provided by the enemy himself.
+
+3. Thus the good fighter is able to secure himself against defeat,
+but cannot make certain of defeating the enemy. 
+
+4. Hence the saying: One may know how to conquer without being able
+to do it. 
+
+5. Security against defeat implies defensive tactics; ability to defeat
+the enemy means taking the offensive. 
+
+6. Standing on the defensive indicates insufficient strength; attacking,
+a superabundance of strength. 
+
+7. The general who is skilled in defense hides in the most secret
+recesses of the earth; he who is skilled in attack flashes forth from
+the topmost heights of heaven. Thus on the one hand we have ability
+to protect ourselves; on the other, a victory that is complete.
+
+8. To see victory only when it is within the ken of the common herd
+is not the acme of excellence. 
+
+9. Neither is it the acme of excellence if you fight and conquer and
+the whole Empire says, "Well done!" 
+
+10. To lift an autumn hair is no sign of great strength; to see the
+sun and moon is no sign of sharp sight; to hear the noise of thunder
+is no sign of a quick ear. 
+
+11. What the ancients called a clever fighter is one who not only
+wins, but excels in winning with ease. 
+
+12. Hence his victories bring him neither reputation for wisdom nor
+credit for courage. 
+
+13. He wins his battles by making no mistakes. Making no mistakes
+is what establishes the certainty of victory, for it means conquering
+an enemy that is already defeated. 
+
+14. Hence the skillful fighter puts himself into a position which
+makes defeat impossible, and does not miss the moment for defeating
+the enemy. 
+
+15. Thus it is that in war the victorious strategist only seeks battle
+after the victory has been won, whereas he who is destined to defeat
+first fights and afterwards looks for victory. 
+
+16. The consummate leader cultivates the moral law, and strictly adheres
+to method and discipline; thus it is in his power to control success.
+
+17. In respect of military method, we have, firstly, Measurement;
+secondly, Estimation of quantity; thirdly, Calculation; fourthly,
+Balancing of chances; fifthly, Victory. 
+
+18. Measurement owes its existence to Earth; Estimation of quantity
+to Measurement; Calculation to Estimation of quantity; Balancing of
+chances to Calculation; and Victory to Balancing of chances.
+
+19. A victorious army opposed to a routed one, is as a pound's weight
+placed in the scale against a single grain. 
+
+20. The onrush of a conquering force is like the bursting of pent-up
+waters into a chasm a thousand fathoms deep. 
+
+V. Energy
+
+1. Sun Tzu said: The control of a large force is the same principle
+as the control of a few men: it is merely a question of dividing up
+their numbers. 
+
+2. Fighting with a large army under your command is nowise different
+from fighting with a small one: it is merely a question of instituting
+signs and signals. 
+
+3. To ensure that your whole host may withstand the brunt of the enemy's
+attack and remain unshaken-- this is effected by maneuvers direct
+and indirect. 
+
+4. That the impact of your army may be like a grindstone dashed against
+an egg--this is effected by the science of weak points and strong.
+
+5. In all fighting, the direct method may be used for joining battle,
+but indirect methods will be needed in order to secure victory.
+
+6. Indirect tactics, efficiently applied, are inexhaustible as Heaven
+and Earth, unending as the flow of rivers and streams; like the sun
+and moon, they end but to begin anew; like the four seasons, they
+pass away to return once more. 
+
+7. There are not more than five musical notes, yet the combinations
+of these five give rise to more melodies than can ever be heard.
+
+8. There are not more than five primary colors (blue, yellow, red,
+white, and black), yet in combination they produce more hues than
+can ever been seen. 
+
+9. There are not more than five cardinal tastes (sour, acrid, salt,
+sweet, bitter), yet combinations of them yield more flavors than can
+ever be tasted. 
+
+10. In battle, there are not more than two methods of attack--the
+direct and the indirect; yet these two in combination give rise to
+an endless series of maneuvers. 
+
+11. The direct and the indirect lead on to each other in turn. It
+is like moving in a circle--you never come to an end. Who can exhaust
+the possibilities of their combination? 
+
+12. The onset of troops is like the rush of a torrent which will even
+roll stones along in its course. 
+
+13. The quality of decision is like the well-timed swoop of a falcon
+which enables it to strike and destroy its victim. 
+
+14. Therefore the good fighter will be terrible in his onset, and
+prompt in his decision. 
+
+15. Energy may be likened to the bending of a crossbow; decision,
+to the releasing of a trigger. 
+
+16. Amid the turmoil and tumult of battle, there may be seeming disorder
+and yet no real disorder at all; amid confusion and chaos, your array
+may be without head or tail, yet it will be proof against defeat.
+
+17. Simulated disorder postulates perfect discipline, simulated fear
+postulates courage; simulated weakness postulates strength.
+
+18. Hiding order beneath the cloak of disorder is simply a question
+of subdivision; concealing courage under a show of timidity presupposes
+a fund of latent energy; masking strength with weakness is to be effected
+by tactical dispositions. 
+
+19. Thus one who is skillful at keeping the enemy on the move maintains
+deceitful appearances, according to which the enemy will act. He sacrifices
+something, that the enemy may snatch at it. 
+
+20. By holding out baits, he keeps him on the march; then with a body
+of picked men he lies in wait for him. 
+
+21. The clever combatant looks to the effect of combined energy, and
+does not require too much from individuals. Hence his ability to pick
+out the right men and utilize combined energy. 
+
+22. When he utilizes combined energy, his fighting men become as it
+were like unto rolling logs or stones. For it is the nature of a log
+or stone to remain motionless on level ground, and to move when on
+a slope; if four-cornered, to come to a standstill, but if round-shaped,
+to go rolling down. 
+
+23. Thus the energy developed by good fighting men is as the momentum
+of a round stone rolled down a mountain thousands of feet in height.
+So much on the subject of energy. 
+
+VI. Weak Points and Strong
+
+1. Sun Tzu said: Whoever is first in the field and awaits the coming
+of the enemy, will be fresh for the fight; whoever is second in the
+field and has to hasten to battle will arrive exhausted.
+
+2. Therefore the clever combatant imposes his will on the enemy, but
+does not allow the enemy's will to be imposed on him. 
+
+3. By holding out advantages to him, he can cause the enemy to approach
+of his own accord; or, by inflicting damage, he can make it impossible
+for the enemy to draw near. 
+
+4. If the enemy is taking his ease, he can harass him; if well supplied
+with food, he can starve him out; if quietly encamped, he can force
+him to move. 
+
+5. Appear at points which the enemy must hasten to defend; march swiftly
+to places where you are not expected. 
+
+6. An army may march great distances without distress, if it marches
+through country where the enemy is not. 
+
+7. You can be sure of succeeding in your attacks if you only attack
+places which are undefended.You can ensure the safety of your defense
+if you only hold positions that cannot be attacked. 
+
+8. Hence that general is skillful in attack whose opponent does not
+know what to defend; and he is skillful in defense whose opponent
+does not know what to attack. 
+
+9. O divine art of subtlety and secrecy! Through you we learn to be
+invisible, through you inaudible; and hence we can hold the enemy's
+fate in our hands. 
+
+10. You may advance and be absolutely irresistible, if you make for
+the enemy's weak points; you may retire and be safe from pursuit if
+your movements are more rapid than those of the enemy. 
+
+11. If we wish to fight, the enemy can be forced to an engagement
+even though he be sheltered behind a high rampart and a deep ditch.
+All we need do is attack some other place that he will be obliged
+to relieve. 
+
+12. If we do not wish to fight, we can prevent the enemy from engaging
+us even though the lines of our encampment be merely traced out on
+the ground. All we need do is to throw something odd and unaccountable
+in his way. 
+
+13. By discovering the enemy's dispositions and remaining invisible
+ourselves, we can keep our forces concentrated, while the enemy's
+must be divided. 
+
+14. We can form a single united body, while the enemy must split up
+into fractions. Hence there will be a whole pitted against separate
+parts of a whole, which means that we shall be many to the enemy's
+few. 
+
+15. And if we are able thus to attack an inferior force with a superior
+one, our opponents will be in dire straits. 
+
+16. The spot where we intend to fight must not be made known; for
+then the enemy will have to prepare against a possible attack at several
+different points; and his forces being thus distributed in many directions,
+the numbers we shall have to face at any given point will be proportionately
+few. 
+
+17. For should the enemy strengthen his van, he will weaken his rear;
+should he strengthen his rear, he will weaken his van; should he strengthen
+his left, he will weaken his right; should he strengthen his right,
+he will weaken his left. If he sends reinforcements everywhere, he
+will everywhere be weak. 
+
+18. Numerical weakness comes from having to prepare against possible
+attacks; numerical strength, from compelling our adversary to make
+these preparations against us. 
+
+19. Knowing the place and the time of the coming battle, we may concentrate
+from the greatest distances in order to fight. 
+
+20. But if neither time nor place be known, then the left wing will
+be impotent to succor the right, the right equally impotent to succor
+the left, the van unable to relieve the rear, or the rear to support
+the van. How much more so if the furthest portions of the army are
+anything under a hundred LI apart, and even the nearest are separated
+by several LI! 
+
+21. Though according to my estimate the soldiers of Yueh exceed our
+own in number, that shall advantage them nothing in the matter of
+victory. I say then that victory can be achieved. 
+
+22. Though the enemy be stronger in numbers, we may prevent him from
+fighting. Scheme so as to discover his plans and the likelihood of
+their success. 
+
+23. Rouse him, and learn the principle of his activity or inactivity.
+Force him to reveal himself, so as to find out his vulnerable spots.
+
+24. Carefully compare the opposing army with your own, so that you
+may know where strength is superabundant and where it is deficient.
+
+25. In making tactical dispositions, the highest pitch you can attain
+is to conceal them; conceal your dispositions, and you will be safe
+from the prying of the subtlest spies, from the machinations of the
+wisest brains. 
+
+26. How victory may be produced for them out of the enemy's own tactics--that
+is what the multitude cannot comprehend. 
+
+27. All men can see the tactics whereby I conquer, but what none can
+see is the strategy out of which victory is evolved. 
+
+28. Do not repeat the tactics which have gained you one victory, but
+let your methods be regulated by the infinite variety of circumstances.
+
+29. Military tactics are like unto water; for water in its natural
+course runs away from high places and hastens downwards.
+
+30. So in war, the way is to avoid what is strong and to strike at
+what is weak. 
+
+31. Water shapes its course according to the nature of the ground
+over which it flows; the soldier works out his victory in relation
+to the foe whom he is facing. 
+
+32. Therefore, just as water retains no constant shape, so in warfare
+there are no constant conditions. 
+
+33. He who can modify his tactics in relation to his opponent and
+thereby succeed in winning, may be called a heaven-born captain.
+
+34. The five elements (water, fire, wood, metal, earth) are not always
+equally predominant; the four seasons make way for each other in turn.
+There are short days and long; the moon has its periods of waning
+and waxing. 
+
+VII. Maneuvering
+
+1. Sun Tzu said: In war, the general receives his commands from the
+sovereign. 
+
+2. Having collected an army and concentrated his forces, he must blend
+and harmonize the different elements thereof before pitching his camp.
+
+3. After that, comes tactical maneuvering, than which there is nothing
+more difficult. The difficulty of tactical maneuvering consists in
+turning the devious into the direct, and misfortune into gain.
+
+4. Thus, to take a long and circuitous route, after enticing the enemy
+out of the way, and though starting after him, to contrive to reach
+the goal before him, shows knowledge of the artifice of deviation.
+
+5. Maneuvering with an army is advantageous; with an undisciplined
+multitude, most dangerous. 
+
+6. If you set a fully equipped army in march in order to snatch an
+advantage, the chances are that you will be too late. On the other
+hand, to detach a flying column for the purpose involves the sacrifice
+of its baggage and stores. 
+
+7. Thus, if you order your men to roll up their buff-coats, and make
+forced marches without halting day or night, covering double the usual
+distance at a stretch, doing a hundred LI in order to wrest an advantage,
+the leaders of all your three divisions will fall into the hands of
+the enemy. 
+
+8. The stronger men will be in front, the jaded ones will fall behind,
+and on this plan only one-tenth of your army will reach its destination.
+
+9. If you march fifty LI in order to outmaneuver the enemy, you will
+lose the leader of your first division, and only half your force will
+reach the goal. 
+
+10. If you march thirty LI with the same object, two-thirds of your
+army will arrive. 
+
+11. We may take it then that an army without its baggage-train is
+lost; without provisions it is lost; without bases of supply it is
+lost. 
+
+12. We cannot enter into alliances until we are acquainted with the
+designs of our neighbors. 
+
+13. We are not fit to lead an army on the march unless we are familiar
+with the face of the country--its mountains and forests, its pitfalls
+and precipices, its marshes and swamps. 
+
+14. We shall be unable to turn natural advantage to account unless
+we make use of local guides. 
+
+15. In war, practice dissimulation, and you will succeed.
+
+16. Whether to concentrate or to divide your troops, must be decided
+by circumstances. 
+
+17. Let your rapidity be that of the wind, your compactness that of
+the forest. 
+
+18. In raiding and plundering be like fire, is immovability like a
+mountain. 
+
+19. Let your plans be dark and impenetrable as night, and when you
+move, fall like a thunderbolt. 
+
+20. When you plunder a countryside, let the spoil be divided amongst
+your men; when you capture new territory, cut it up into allotments
+for the benefit of the soldiery. 
+
+21. Ponder and deliberate before you make a move. 
+
+22. He will conquer who has learnt the artifice of deviation. Such
+is the art of maneuvering. 
+
+23. The Book of Army Management says: On the field of battle, the
+spoken word does not carry far enough: hence the institution of gongs
+and drums. Nor can ordinary objects be seen clearly enough: hence
+the institution of banners and flags. 
+
+24. Gongs and drums, banners and flags, are means whereby the ears
+and eyes of the host may be focused on one particular point.
+
+25. The host thus forming a single united body, is it impossible either
+for the brave to advance alone, or for the cowardly to retreat alone.
+This is the art of handling large masses of men. 
+
+26. In night-fighting, then, make much use of signal-fires and drums,
+and in fighting by day, of flags and banners, as a means of influencing
+the ears and eyes of your army. 
+
+27. A whole army may be robbed of its spirit; a commander-in-chief
+may be robbed of his presence of mind. 
+
+28. Now a soldier's spirit is keenest in the morning; by noonday it
+has begun to flag; and in the evening, his mind is bent only on returning
+to camp. 
+
+29. A clever general, therefore, avoids an army when its spirit is
+keen, but attacks it when it is sluggish and inclined to return. This
+is the art of studying moods. 
+
+30. Disciplined and calm, to await the appearance of disorder and
+hubbub amongst the enemy:--this is the art of retaining self-possession.
+
+31. To be near the goal while the enemy is still far from it, to wait
+at ease while the enemy is toiling and struggling, to be well-fed
+while the enemy is famished:--this is the art of husbanding one's
+strength. 
+
+32. To refrain from intercepting an enemy whose banners are in perfect
+order, to refrain from attacking an army drawn up in calm and confident
+array:--this is the art of studying circumstances. 
+
+33. It is a military axiom not to advance uphill against the enemy,
+nor to oppose him when he comes downhill. 
+
+34. Do not pursue an enemy who simulates flight; do not attack soldiers
+whose temper is keen. 
+
+35. Do not swallow bait offered by the enemy. Do not interfere with
+an army that is returning home. 
+
+36. When you surround an army, leave an outlet free. Do not press
+a desperate foe too hard. 
+
+37. Such is the art of warfare. 
+
+VIII. Variation in Tactics
+
+1. Sun Tzu said: In war, the general receives his commands from the
+sovereign, collects his army and concentrates his forces
+
+2. When in difficult country, do not encamp. In country where high
+roads intersect, join hands with your allies. Do not linger in dangerously
+isolated positions. In hemmed-in situations, you must resort to stratagem.
+In desperate position, you must fight. 
+
+3. There are roads which must not be followed, armies which must be
+not attacked, towns which must be besieged, positions which must not
+be contested, commands of the sovereign which must not be obeyed.
+
+4. The general who thoroughly understands the advantages that accompany
+variation of tactics knows how to handle his troops. 
+
+5. The general who does not understand these, may be well acquainted
+with the configuration of the country, yet he will not be able to
+turn his knowledge to practical account. 
+
+6. So, the student of war who is unversed in the art of war of varying
+his plans, even though he be acquainted with the Five Advantages,
+will fail to make the best use of his men. 
+
+7. Hence in the wise leader's plans, considerations of advantage and
+of disadvantage will be blended together. 
+
+8. If our expectation of advantage be tempered in this way, we may
+succeed in accomplishing the essential part of our schemes.
+
+9. If, on the other hand, in the midst of difficulties we are always
+ready to seize an advantage, we may extricate ourselves from misfortune.
+
+10. Reduce the hostile chiefs by inflicting damage on them; and make
+trouble for them, and keep them constantly engaged; hold out specious
+allurements, and make them rush to any given point. 
+
+11. The art of war teaches us to rely not on the likelihood of the
+enemy's not coming, but on our own readiness to receive him; not on
+the chance of his not attacking, but rather on the fact that we have
+made our position unassailable. 
+
+12. There are five dangerous faults which may affect a general: (1)
+Recklessness, which leads to destruction; (2) cowardice, which leads
+to capture; (3) a hasty temper, which can be provoked by insults;
+(4) a delicacy of honor which is sensitive to shame; (5) over-solicitude
+for his men, which exposes him to worry and trouble. 
+
+13. These are the five besetting sins of a general, ruinous to the
+conduct of war. 
+
+14. When an army is overthrown and its leader slain, the cause will
+surely be found among these five dangerous faults. Let them be a subject
+of meditation. 
+
+IX. The Army on the March
+
+1. Sun Tzu said: We come now to the question of encamping the army,
+and observing signs of the enemy. Pass quickly over mountains, and
+keep in the neighborhood of valleys. 
+
+2. Camp in high places, facing the sun. Do not climb heights in order
+to fight. So much for mountain warfare. 
+
+3. After crossing a river, you should get far away from it.
+
+4. When an invading force crosses a river in its onward march, do
+not advance to meet it in mid-stream. It will be best to let half
+the army get across, and then deliver your attack. 
+
+5. If you are anxious to fight, you should not go to meet the invader
+near a river which he has to cross. 
+
+6. Moor your craft higher up than the enemy, and facing the sun. Do
+not move up-stream to meet the enemy. So much for river warfare.
+
+7. In crossing salt-marshes, your sole concern should be to get over
+them quickly, without any delay. 
+
+8. If forced to fight in a salt-marsh, you should have water and grass
+near you, and get your back to a clump of trees. So much for operations
+in salt-marches. 
+
+9. In dry, level country, take up an easily accessible position with
+rising ground to your right and on your rear, so that the danger may
+be in front, and safety lie behind. So much for campaigning in flat
+country. 
+
+10. These are the four useful branches of military knowledge which
+enabled the Yellow Emperor to vanquish four several sovereigns.
+
+11. All armies prefer high ground to low and sunny places to dark.
+
+12. If you are careful of your men, and camp on hard ground, the army
+will be free from disease of every kind, and this will spell victory.
+
+13. When you come to a hill or a bank, occupy the sunny side, with
+the slope on your right rear. Thus you will at once act for the benefit
+of your soldiers and utilize the natural advantages of the ground.
+
+14. When, in consequence of heavy rains up-country, a river which
+you wish to ford is swollen and flecked with foam, you must wait until
+it subsides. 
+
+15. Country in which there are precipitous cliffs with torrents running
+between, deep natural hollows, confined places, tangled thickets,
+quagmires and crevasses, should be left with all possible speed and
+not approached. 
+
+16. While we keep away from such places, we should get the enemy to
+approach them; while we face them, we should let the enemy have them
+on his rear. 
+
+17. If in the neighborhood of your camp there should be any hilly
+country, ponds surrounded by aquatic grass, hollow basins filled with
+reeds, or woods with thick undergrowth, they must be carefully routed
+out and searched; for these are places where men in ambush or insidious
+spies are likely to be lurking. 
+
+18. When the enemy is close at hand and remains quiet, he is relying
+on the natural strength of his position. 
+
+19. When he keeps aloof and tries to provoke a battle, he is anxious
+for the other side to advance. 
+
+20. If his place of encampment is easy of access, he is tendering
+a bait. 
+
+21. Movement amongst the trees of a forest shows that the enemy is
+advancing. The appearance of a number of screens in the midst of thick
+grass means that the enemy wants to make us suspicious. 
+
+22. The rising of birds in their flight is the sign of an ambuscade.
+Startled beasts indicate that a sudden attack is coming.
+
+23. When there is dust rising in a high column, it is the sign of
+chariots advancing; when the dust is low, but spread over a wide area,
+it betokens the approach of infantry. When it branches out in different
+directions, it shows that parties have been sent to collect firewood.
+A few clouds of dust moving to and fro signify that the army is encamping.
+
+24. Humble words and increased preparations are signs that the enemy
+is about to advance. Violent language and driving forward as if to
+the attack are signs that he will retreat. 
+
+25. When the light chariots come out first and take up a position
+on the wings, it is a sign that the enemy is forming for battle.
+
+26. Peace proposals unaccompanied by a sworn covenant indicate a plot.
+
+27. When there is much running about and the soldiers fall into rank,
+it means that the critical moment has come. 
+
+28. When some are seen advancing and some retreating, it is a lure.
+
+29. When the soldiers stand leaning on their spears, they are faint
+from want of food. 
+
+30. If those who are sent to draw water begin by drinking themselves,
+the army is suffering from thirst. 
+
+31. If the enemy sees an advantage to be gained and makes no effort
+to secure it, the soldiers are exhausted. 
+
+32. If birds gather on any spot, it is unoccupied. Clamor by night
+betokens nervousness. 
+
+33. If there is disturbance in the camp, the general's authority is
+weak. If the banners and flags are shifted about, sedition is afoot.
+If the officers are angry, it means that the men are weary.
+
+34. When an army feeds its horses with grain and kills its cattle
+for food, and when the men do not hang their cooking-pots over the
+camp-fires, showing that they will not return to their tents, you
+may know that they are determined to fight to the death.
+
+35. The sight of men whispering together in small knots or speaking
+in subdued tones points to disaffection amongst the rank and file.
+
+36. Too frequent rewards signify that the enemy is at the end of his
+resources; too many punishments betray a condition of dire distress.
+
+37. To begin by bluster, but afterwards to take fright at the enemy's
+numbers, shows a supreme lack of intelligence. 
+
+38. When envoys are sent with compliments in their mouths, it is a
+sign that the enemy wishes for a truce. 
+
+39. If the enemy's troops march up angrily and remain facing ours
+for a long time without either joining battle or taking themselves
+off again, the situation is one that demands great vigilance and circumspection.
+
+40. If our troops are no more in number than the enemy, that is amply
+sufficient; it only means that no direct attack can be made. What
+we can do is simply to concentrate all our available strength, keep
+a close watch on the enemy, and obtain reinforcements. 
+
+41. He who exercises no forethought but makes light of his opponents
+is sure to be captured by them. 
+
+42. If soldiers are punished before they have grown attached to you,
+they will not prove submissive; and, unless submissive, then will
+be practically useless. If, when the soldiers have become attached
+to you, punishments are not enforced, they will still be unless.
+
+43. Therefore soldiers must be treated in the first instance with
+humanity, but kept under control by means of iron discipline. This
+is a certain road to victory. 
+
+44. If in training soldiers commands are habitually enforced, the
+army will be well-disciplined; if not, its discipline will be bad.
+
+45. If a general shows confidence in his men but always insists on
+his orders being obeyed, the gain will be mutual. 
+
+X. Terrain
+
+1. Sun Tzu said: We may distinguish six kinds of terrain, to wit:
+(1) Accessible ground; (2) entangling ground; (3) temporizing ground;
+(4) narrow passes; (5) precipitous heights; (6) positions at a great
+distance from the enemy. 
+
+2. Ground which can be freely traversed by both sides is called accessible.
+
+3. With regard to ground of this nature, be before the enemy in occupying
+the raised and sunny spots, and carefully guard your line of supplies.
+Then you will be able to fight with advantage. 
+
+4. Ground which can be abandoned but is hard to re-occupy is called
+entangling. 
+
+5. From a position of this sort, if the enemy is unprepared, you may
+sally forth and defeat him. But if the enemy is prepared for your
+coming, and you fail to defeat him, then, return being impossible,
+disaster will ensue. 
+
+6. When the position is such that neither side will gain by making
+the first move, it is called temporizing ground. 
+
+7. In a position of this sort, even though the enemy should offer
+us an attractive bait, it will be advisable not to stir forth, but
+rather to retreat, thus enticing the enemy in his turn; then, when
+part of his army has come out, we may deliver our attack with advantage.
+
+8. With regard to narrow passes, if you can occupy them first, let
+them be strongly garrisoned and await the advent of the enemy.
+
+9. Should the army forestall you in occupying a pass, do not go after
+him if the pass is fully garrisoned, but only if it is weakly garrisoned.
+
+10. With regard to precipitous heights, if you are beforehand with
+your adversary, you should occupy the raised and sunny spots, and
+there wait for him to come up. 
+
+11. If the enemy has occupied them before you, do not follow him,
+but retreat and try to entice him away. 
+
+12. If you are situated at a great distance from the enemy, and the
+strength of the two armies is equal, it is not easy to provoke a battle,
+and fighting will be to your disadvantage. 
+
+13. These six are the principles connected with Earth. The general
+who has attained a responsible post must be careful to study them.
+
+14. Now an army is exposed to six several calamities, not arising
+from natural causes, but from faults for which the general is responsible.
+These are: (1) Flight; (2) insubordination; (3) collapse; (4) ruin;
+(5) disorganization; (6) rout. 
+
+15. Other conditions being equal, if one force is hurled against another
+ten times its size, the result will be the flight of the former.
+
+16. When the common soldiers are too strong and their officers too
+weak, the result is insubordination. When the officers are too strong
+and the common soldiers too weak, the result is collapse.
+
+17. When the higher officers are angry and insubordinate, and on meeting
+the enemy give battle on their own account from a feeling of resentment,
+before the commander-in-chief can tell whether or no he is in a position
+to fight, the result is ruin. 
+
+18. When the general is weak and without authority; when his orders
+are not clear and distinct; when there are no fixes duties assigned
+to officers and men, and the ranks are formed in a slovenly haphazard
+manner, the result is utter disorganization. 
+
+19. When a general, unable to estimate the enemy's strength, allows
+an inferior force to engage a larger one, or hurls a weak detachment
+against a powerful one, and neglects to place picked soldiers in the
+front rank, the result must be rout. 
+
+20. These are six ways of courting defeat, which must be carefully
+noted by the general who has attained a responsible post.
+
+21. The natural formation of the country is the soldier's best ally;
+but a power of estimating the adversary, of controlling the forces
+of victory, and of shrewdly calculating difficulties, dangers and
+distances, constitutes the test of a great general. 
+
+22. He who knows these things, and in fighting puts his knowledge
+into practice, will win his battles. He who knows them not, nor practices
+them, will surely be defeated. 
+
+23. If fighting is sure to result in victory, then you must fight,
+even though the ruler forbid it; if fighting will not result in victory,
+then you must not fight even at the ruler's bidding. 
+
+24. The general who advances without coveting fame and retreats without
+fearing disgrace, whose only thought is to protect his country and
+do good service for his sovereign, is the jewel of the kingdom.
+
+25. Regard your soldiers as your children, and they will follow you
+into the deepest valleys; look upon them as your own beloved sons,
+and they will stand by you even unto death. 
+
+26. If, however, you are indulgent, but unable to make your authority
+felt; kind-hearted, but unable to enforce your commands; and incapable,
+moreover, of quelling disorder: then your soldiers must be likened
+to spoilt children; they are useless for any practical purpose.
+
+27. If we know that our own men are in a condition to attack, but
+are unaware that the enemy is not open to attack, we have gone only
+halfway towards victory. 
+
+28. If we know that the enemy is open to attack, but are unaware that
+our own men are not in a condition to attack, we have gone only halfway
+towards victory. 
+
+29. If we know that the enemy is open to attack, and also know that
+our men are in a condition to attack, but are unaware that the nature
+of the ground makes fighting impracticable, we have still gone only
+halfway towards victory. 
+
+30. Hence the experienced soldier, once in motion, is never bewildered;
+once he has broken camp, he is never at a loss. 
+
+31. Hence the saying: If you know the enemy and know yourself, your
+victory will not stand in doubt; if you know Heaven and know Earth,
+you may make your victory complete. 
+
+XI. The Nine Situations
+
+1. Sun Tzu said: The art of war recognizes nine varieties of ground:
+(1) Dispersive ground; (2) facile ground; (3) contentious ground;
+(4) open ground; (5) ground of intersecting highways; (6) serious
+ground; (7) difficult ground; (8) hemmed-in ground; (9) desperate
+ground. 
+
+2. When a chieftain is fighting in his own territory, it is dispersive
+ground. 
+
+3. When he has penetrated into hostile territory, but to no great
+distance, it is facile ground. 
+
+4. Ground the possession of which imports great advantage to either
+side, is contentious ground. 
+
+5. Ground on which each side has liberty of movement is open ground.
+
+6. Ground which forms the key to three contiguous states, so that
+he who occupies it first has most of the Empire at his command, is
+a ground of intersecting highways. 
+
+7. When an army has penetrated into the heart of a hostile country,
+leaving a number of fortified cities in its rear, it is serious ground.
+
+8. Mountain forests, rugged steeps, marshes and fens--all country
+that is hard to traverse: this is difficult ground. 
+
+9. Ground which is reached through narrow gorges, and from which we
+can only retire by tortuous paths, so that a small number of the enemy
+would suffice to crush a large body of our men: this is hemmed in
+ground. 
+
+10. Ground on which we can only be saved from destruction by fighting
+without delay, is desperate ground. 
+
+11. On dispersive ground, therefore, fight not. On facile ground,
+halt not. On contentious ground, attack not. 
+
+12. On open ground, do not try to block the enemy's way. On the ground
+of intersecting highways, join hands with your allies. 
+
+13. On serious ground, gather in plunder. In difficult ground, keep
+steadily on the march. 
+
+14. On hemmed-in ground, resort to stratagem. On desperate ground,
+fight. 
+
+15. Those who were called skillful leaders of old knew how to drive
+a wedge between the enemy's front and rear; to prevent co-operation
+between his large and small divisions; to hinder the good troops from
+rescuing the bad, the officers from rallying their men. 
+
+16. When the enemy's men were united, they managed to keep them in
+disorder. 
+
+17. When it was to their advantage, they made a forward move; when
+otherwise, they stopped still. 
+
+18. If asked how to cope with a great host of the enemy in orderly
+array and on the point of marching to the attack, I should say: "Begin
+by seizing something which your opponent holds dear; then he will
+be amenable to your will." 
+
+19. Rapidity is the essence of war: take advantage of the enemy's
+unreadiness, make your way by unexpected routes, and attack unguarded
+spots. 
+
+20. The following are the principles to be observed by an invading
+force: The further you penetrate into a country, the greater will
+be the solidarity of your troops, and thus the defenders will not
+prevail against you. 
+
+21. Make forays in fertile country in order to supply your army with
+food. 
+
+22. Carefully study the well-being of your men, and do not overtax
+them. Concentrate your energy and hoard your strength. Keep your army
+continually on the move, and devise unfathomable plans. 
+
+23. Throw your soldiers into positions whence there is no escape,
+and they will prefer death to flight. If they will face death, there
+is nothing they may not achieve. Officers and men alike will put forth
+their uttermost strength. 
+
+24. Soldiers when in desperate straits lose the sense of fear. If
+there is no place of refuge, they will stand firm. If they are in
+hostile country, they will show a stubborn front. If there is no help
+for it, they will fight hard. 
+
+25. Thus, without waiting to be marshaled, the soldiers will be constantly
+on the qui vive; without waiting to be asked, they will do your will;
+without restrictions, they will be faithful; without giving orders,
+they can be trusted. 
+
+26. Prohibit the taking of omens, and do away with superstitious doubts.
+Then, until death itself comes, no calamity need be feared.
+
+27. If our soldiers are not overburdened with money, it is not because
+they have a distaste for riches; if their lives are not unduly long,
+it is not because they are disinclined to longevity. 
+
+28. On the day they are ordered out to battle, your soldiers may weep,
+those sitting up bedewing their garments, and those lying down letting
+the tears run down their cheeks. But let them once be brought to bay,
+and they will display the courage of a Chu or a Kuei. 
+
+29. The skillful tactician may be likened to the shuai-jan. Now the
+shuai-jan is a snake that is found in the ChUng mountains. Strike
+at its head, and you will be attacked by its tail; strike at its tail,
+and you will be attacked by its head; strike at its middle, and you
+will be attacked by head and tail both. 
+
+30. Asked if an army can be made to imitate the shuai-jan, I should
+answer, Yes. For the men of Wu and the men of Yueh are enemies; yet
+if they are crossing a river in the same boat and are caught by a
+storm, they will come to each other's assistance just as the left
+hand helps the right. 
+
+31. Hence it is not enough to put one's trust in the tethering of
+horses, and the burying of chariot wheels in the ground 
+
+32. The principle on which to manage an army is to set up one standard
+of courage which all must reach. 
+
+33. How to make the best of both strong and weak--that is a question
+involving the proper use of ground. 
+
+34. Thus the skillful general conducts his army just as though he
+were leading a single man, willy-nilly, by the hand. 
+
+35. It is the business of a general to be quiet and thus ensure secrecy;
+upright and just, and thus maintain order. 
+
+36. He must be able to mystify his officers and men by false reports
+and appearances, and thus keep them in total ignorance. 
+
+37. By altering his arrangements and changing his plans, he keeps
+the enemy without definite knowledge. By shifting his camp and taking
+circuitous routes, he prevents the enemy from anticipating his purpose.
+
+38. At the critical moment, the leader of an army acts like one who
+has climbed up a height and then kicks away the ladder behind him.
+He carries his men deep into hostile territory before he shows his
+hand. 
+
+39. He burns his boats and breaks his cooking-pots; like a shepherd
+driving a flock of sheep, he drives his men this way and that, and
+nothing knows whither he is going. 
+
+40. To muster his host and bring it into danger:--this may be termed
+the business of the general. 
+
+41. The different measures suited to the nine varieties of ground;
+the expediency of aggressive or defensive tactics; and the fundamental
+laws of human nature: these are things that must most certainly be
+studied. 
+
+42. When invading hostile territory, the general principle is, that
+penetrating deeply brings cohesion; penetrating but a short way means
+dispersion. 
+
+43. When you leave your own country behind, and take your army across
+neighborhood territory, you find yourself on critical ground. When
+there are means of communication on all four sides, the ground is
+one of intersecting highways. 
+
+44. When you penetrate deeply into a country, it is serious ground.
+When you penetrate but a little way, it is facile ground.
+
+45. When you have the enemy's strongholds on your rear, and narrow
+passes in front, it is hemmed-in ground. When there is no place of
+refuge at all, it is desperate ground. 
+
+46. Therefore, on dispersive ground, I would inspire my men with unity
+of purpose. On facile ground, I would see that there is close connection
+between all parts of my army. 
+
+47. On contentious ground, I would hurry up my rear. 
+
+48. On open ground, I would keep a vigilant eye on my defenses. On
+ground of intersecting highways, I would consolidate my alliances.
+
+49. On serious ground, I would try to ensure a continuous stream of
+supplies. On difficult ground, I would keep pushing on along the road.
+
+50. On hemmed-in ground, I would block any way of retreat. On desperate
+ground, I would proclaim to my soldiers the hopelessness of saving
+their lives. 
+
+51. For it is the soldier's disposition to offer an obstinate resistance
+when surrounded, to fight hard when he cannot help himself, and to
+obey promptly when he has fallen into danger. 
+
+52. We cannot enter into alliance with neighboring princes until we
+are acquainted with their designs. We are not fit to lead an army
+on the march unless we are familiar with the face of the country--its
+mountains and forests, its pitfalls and precipices, its marshes and
+swamps. We shall be unable to turn natural advantages to account unless
+we make use of local guides. 
+
+53. To be ignored of any one of the following four or five principles
+does not befit a warlike prince. 
+
+54. When a warlike prince attacks a powerful state, his generalship
+shows itself in preventing the concentration of the enemy's forces.
+He overawes his opponents, and their allies are prevented from joining
+against him. 
+
+55. Hence he does not strive to ally himself with all and sundry,
+nor does he foster the power of other states. He carries out his own
+secret designs, keeping his antagonists in awe. Thus he is able to
+capture their cities and overthrow their kingdoms. 
+
+56. Bestow rewards without regard to rule, issue orders without regard
+to previous arrangements; and you will be able to handle a whole army
+as though you had to do with but a single man. 
+
+57. Confront your soldiers with the deed itself; never let them know
+your design. When the outlook is bright, bring it before their eyes;
+but tell them nothing when the situation is gloomy. 
+
+58. Place your army in deadly peril, and it will survive; plunge it
+into desperate straits, and it will come off in safety. 
+
+59. For it is precisely when a force has fallen into harm's way that
+is capable of striking a blow for victory. 
+
+60. Success in warfare is gained by carefully accommodating ourselves
+to the enemy's purpose. 
+
+61. By persistently hanging on the enemy's flank, we shall succeed
+in the long run in killing the commander-in-chief. 
+
+62. This is called ability to accomplish a thing by sheer cunning.
+
+63. On the day that you take up your command, block the frontier passes,
+destroy the official tallies, and stop the passage of all emissaries.
+
+64. Be stern in the council-chamber, so that you may control the situation.
+
+65. If the enemy leaves a door open, you must rush in. 
+
+66. Forestall your opponent by seizing what he holds dear, and subtly
+contrive to time his arrival on the ground. 
+
+67. Walk in the path defined by rule, and accommodate yourself to
+the enemy until you can fight a decisive battle. 
+
+68. At first, then, exhibit the coyness of a maiden, until the enemy
+gives you an opening; afterwards emulate the rapidity of a running
+hare, and it will be too late for the enemy to oppose you.
+
+XII. The Attack by Fire
+
+1. Sun Tzu said: There are five ways of attacking with fire. The first
+is to burn soldiers in their camp; the second is to burn stores; the
+third is to burn baggage trains; the fourth is to burn arsenals and
+magazines; the fifth is to hurl dropping fire amongst the enemy.
+
+2. In order to carry out an attack, we must have means available.
+The material for raising fire should always be kept in readiness.
+
+3. There is a proper season for making attacks with fire, and special
+days for starting a conflagration. 
+
+4. The proper season is when the weather is very dry; the special
+days are those when the moon is in the constellations of the Sieve,
+the Wall, the Wing or the Cross-bar; for these four are all days of
+rising wind. 
+
+5. In attacking with fire, one should be prepared to meet five possible
+developments: 
+
+6. (1) When fire breaks out inside to enemy's camp, respond at once
+with an attack from without. 
+
+7. (2) If there is an outbreak of fire, but the enemy's soldiers remain
+quiet, bide your time and do not attack. 
+
+8. (3) When the force of the flames has reached its height, follow
+it up with an attack, if that is practicable; if not, stay where you
+are. 
+
+9. (4) If it is possible to make an assault with fire from without,
+do not wait for it to break out within, but deliver your attack at
+a favorable moment. 
+
+10. (5) When you start a fire, be to windward of it. Do not attack
+from the leeward. 
+
+11. A wind that rises in the daytime lasts long, but a night breeze
+soon falls. 
+
+12. In every army, the five developments connected with fire must
+be known, the movements of the stars calculated, and a watch kept
+for the proper days. 
+
+13. Hence those who use fire as an aid to the attack show intelligence;
+those who use water as an aid to the attack gain an accession of strength.
+
+14. By means of water, an enemy may be intercepted, but not robbed
+of all his belongings. 
+
+15. Unhappy is the fate of one who tries to win his battles and succeed
+in his attacks without cultivating the spirit of enterprise; for the
+result is waste of time and general stagnation. 
+
+16. Hence the saying: The enlightened ruler lays his plans well ahead;
+the good general cultivates his resources. 
+
+17. Move not unless you see an advantage; use not your troops unless
+there is something to be gained; fight not unless the position is
+critical. 
+
+18. No ruler should put troops into the field merely to gratify his
+own spleen; no general should fight a battle simply out of pique.
+
+19. If it is to your advantage, make a forward move; if not, stay
+where you are. 
+
+20. Anger may in time change to gladness; vexation may be succeeded
+by content. 
+
+21. But a kingdom that has once been destroyed can never come again
+into being; nor can the dead ever be brought back to life.
+
+22. Hence the enlightened ruler is heedful, and the good general full
+of caution. This is the way to keep a country at peace and an army
+intact. 
+
+XIII. The Use of Spies
+
+1. Sun Tzu said: Raising a host of a hundred thousand men and marching
+them great distances entails heavy loss on the people and a drain
+on the resources of the State. The daily expenditure will amount to
+a thousand ounces of silver. There will be commotion at home and abroad,
+and men will drop down exhausted on the highways. As many as seven
+hundred thousand families will be impeded in their labor.
+
+2. Hostile armies may face each other for years, striving for the
+victory which is decided in a single day. This being so, to remain
+in ignorance of the enemy's condition simply because one grudges the
+outlay of a hundred ounces of silver in honors and emoluments, is
+the height of inhumanity. 
+
+3. One who acts thus is no leader of men, no present help to his sovereign,
+no master of victory. 
+
+4. Thus, what enables the wise sovereign and the good general to strike
+and conquer, and achieve things beyond the reach of ordinary men,
+is foreknowledge. 
+
+5. Now this foreknowledge cannot be elicited from spirits; it cannot
+be obtained inductively from experience, nor by any deductive calculation.
+
+6. Knowledge of the enemy's dispositions can only be obtained from
+other men. 
+
+7. Hence the use of spies, of whom there are five classes: (1) Local
+spies; (2) inward spies; (3) converted spies; (4) doomed spies; (5)
+surviving spies. 
+
+8. When these five kinds of spy are all at work, none can discover
+the secret system. This is called "divine manipulation of the threads."
+It is the sovereign's most precious faculty. 
+
+9. Having local spies means employing the services of the inhabitants
+of a district. 
+
+10. Having inward spies, making use of officials of the enemy.
+
+11. Having converted spies, getting hold of the enemy's spies and
+using them for our own purposes. 
+
+12. Having doomed spies, doing certain things openly for purposes
+of deception, and allowing our spies to know of them and report them
+to the enemy. 
+
+13. Surviving spies, finally, are those who bring back news from the
+enemy's camp. 
+
+14. Hence it is that which none in the whole army are more intimate
+relations to be maintained than with spies. None should be more liberally
+rewarded. In no other business should greater secrecy be preserved.
+
+15. Spies cannot be usefully employed without a certain intuitive
+sagacity. 
+
+16. They cannot be properly managed without benevolence and straightforwardness.
+
+17. Without subtle ingenuity of mind, one cannot make certain of the
+truth of their reports. 
+
+18. Be subtle! be subtle! and use your spies for every kind of business.
+
+19. If a secret piece of news is divulged by a spy before the time
+is ripe, he must be put to death together with the man to whom the
+secret was told. 
+
+20. Whether the object be to crush an army, to storm a city, or to
+assassinate an individual, it is always necessary to begin by finding
+out the names of the attendants, the aides-de-camp, and door-keepers
+and sentries of the general in command. Our spies must be commissioned
+to ascertain these. 
+
+21. The enemy's spies who have come to spy on us must be sought out,
+tempted with bribes, led away and comfortably housed. Thus they will
+become converted spies and available for our service. 
+
+22. It is through the information brought by the converted spy that
+we are able to acquire and employ local and inward spies.
+
+23. It is owing to his information, again, that we can cause the doomed
+spy to carry false tidings to the enemy. 
+
+24. Lastly, it is by his information that the surviving spy can be
+used on appointed occasions. 
+
+25. The end and aim of spying in all its five varieties is knowledge
+of the enemy; and this knowledge can only be derived, in the first
+instance, from the converted spy. Hence it is essential that the converted
+spy be treated with the utmost liberality. 
+
+26. Of old, the rise of the Yin dynasty was due to I Chih who had
+served under the Hsia. Likewise, the rise of the Chou dynasty was
+due to Lu Ya who had served under the Yin. 
+
+27. Hence it is only the enlightened ruler and the wise general who
+will use the highest intelligence of the army for purposes of spying
+and thereby they achieve great results. Spies are a most important
+element in water, because on them depends an army's ability to move.
+
+THE END
+
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Copyright statement:
+The Internet Classics Archive by Daniel C. Stevenson, Web Atomics.
+World Wide Web presentation is copyright (C) 1994-2000, Daniel
+C. Stevenson, Web Atomics.
+All rights reserved under international and pan-American copyright
+conventions, including the right of reproduction in whole or in part
+in any form. Direct permission requests to classics@classics.mit.edu.
+Translation of "The Deeds of the Divine Augustus" by Augustus is
+copyright (C) Thomas Bushnell, BSG.
+</pre></body></html>