advanced_search 0.0.1 → 0.0.2

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data/.gitignore

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 /.bundle/
 /.yardoc
 /_yardoc/
+/Gemfile.lock
 /coverage/
 /doc/
 /pkg/

data/CHANGELOG.md

@@ -5,17 +5,22 @@ recommendations of [keepachangelog.com](http://keepachangelog.com/).
 
 ## Unreleased
 
-### Breaking Changes
-
-- None
-
-### Added
-
-- None
-
-### Fixed
-
-- None
+- Breaking Changes
+  - None
+- Added
+  - None
+- Fixed
+  - None
+
+## 0.0.2 (2018-10-30)
+
+- Breaking Changes
+  - Instead of an ActiveRecord adapter, just provide (and test) some examples
+    of using `find_by_sql`
+- Added
+  - None
+- Fixed
+  - None
 
 ## 0.0.1 (2018-10-03)
 

data/README.md

@@ -1,94 +1,98 @@
 # AdvancedSearch
 
-Ruby database **query builder** for advanced search. For example, library
-catalog, employee phonebook, non-aggregate reports.
+Builds database search queries with complex, nested logical expressions.
+
+You provide an [abstract syntax tree][1] representing the search, and
+`AdvancedSearch` builds the search clause of the query (eg. the `where`
+clause, in SQL).
+
+| *Good for*       | *Not Good For* |
+| ---------------- | -------------- |
+| searches         | reports        |
+| complex logic expressions | simple "conjunction of all parameters" forms |
+| natural language | 99% of business search forms |
+
+Input can be natural language,
+
+```
+'age less than 40 and ssn equal to 123-45-6789'
+```
+
+or a typical HTML form,
+
+```
+{
+  age_lt: 40,
+  ssn_eq: '123-45-6789'
+}
+```
+
+You organize and name your parameters however you want. You convert those
+parameters into an `AdvancedSearch::AST`:
+
+```
+       and
+    /       \
+   lt        eq
+  /  \      /  \
+age  40   ssn   '123-45-6789'
+```
+
+A convenient S-expression syntax is provided to help you build your tree:
+
+```
+s(:and,
+  s(:lt, s(:id, :age), s(:value, 40),
+  s(:eq, s(:id, :ssn), s(:value, '123-45-6789')
+)
+```
+
+`AdvancedSearch` converts your tree into a parameterized search clause (eg. the
+`where` clause, in SQL).
+
+```
+'where age < $1 and ssn = $2'
+[40, '123-45-6789']
+```
+
+Finally, you do whatever you want with that search clause. Prepare a complete
+query and execute it using `ActiveRecord`'s [find_by_sql][2] method, perhaps?
+Maybe execute it directly using a gem like `pg` or `mysql2`? What you do with
+your query, in the privacy of your own home, is your own business.
+
+## Complete Example
+
+There is a complete example using `ActiveRecord`'s [find_by_sql][2] method in
+the test suite. See:
+
+```
+spec/support/activerecord/models
+spec/support/activerecord/searches/library_catalog.rb
+spec/activerecord/searches/library_catalog_spec.rb
+```
+
+## Adapters
+
+| *adapter*      | *gem*          | *status*            |
+| -------------- | -------------- | ------------------- |
+| `PG`           | `pg`           | Proof of concept    |
+| `Mysql2`       | `mysql2`       | Not yet implemented |
+| `ActiveRecord` | `activerecord` | If only ARel had docs |
+
+## Design Goals
 
 - **Simple, not easy.** You'll have to write substantial code to get started,
   but future changes will be simple.
 - Requires basic understanding of graph theory, must know what a tree is.
-- **Agnostic**: Support for specific databases and ORMs is provided via plugins.
+- **Agnostic**: Support for specific databases and ORMs is provided via *adapters*.
 - **No dependencies**
 - Unit tests of your search objects do not need to touch database, so they
   are very fast.
 
-## Example 1: Employee Phonebook
-
-Given a `Hash` of parameters from an HTTP form, build a search query.
-
-```ruby
-# You write one of these classes for each search form in your application.
-# You write this class however you want to. This is one pattern I like.
-class PhonebookSearch
-  def initialize
-    # We will be building a tree, and the head node is an N-ary
-    # conjunction. Conjunction is the most common type of search. Disjunction
-    # is also common.
-    @head = ::AdvancedSearch::Nodes::And.new
-
-    # Later, we'll traverse that tree using a visitor that knows how to build
-    # a query for use with the mysql2 gem. Many other visitors are available.
-    # If you switch databases in the future, you only change the visitor, you
-    # don't change anything else in this class.
-    @visitor = ::AdvancedSearch::Visitors::Mysql2.new
-  end
-
-  # Example params:
-  #
-  # {
-  #   age_lt: 40,
-  #   ssn_eq: '123-45-6789'
-  # }
-  #
-  # You can organize your parameters, and name them, however you want. A Hash
-  # is common.
-  def search(params)
-    build_tree(params)
-    build_query
-  end
-
-  private
-
-  # Build a tree by dynamically `send`ing the parameter name. Given the params
-  # above, our tree will look like this:
-  #
-  #            and
-  #         /       \
-  #        lt        eq
-  #       /  \      /  \
-  #     age  40   ssn   '123-45-6789'
-  #
-  def build_tree(params)
-    params.each { |k, v| send(k, v) }
-  end
-
-  # You write one method like this for each filter on your search form. After
-  # this, our tree looks like:
-  #
-  #        and
-  #         |
-  #        lt
-  #       /  \
-  #     age  40
-  #
-  def age_lt(v)
-    eq = ::AdvancedSearch::Nodes::Lt.new
-    eq.add_edge(::AdvancedSearch::Nodes::Id.new(:age))
-    eq.add_edge(::AdvancedSearch::Nodes::Value.new(v))
-    @head.add_edge(eq)
-  end
-
-  def ssn_eq(v)
-    eq = ::AdvancedSearch::Nodes::Eq.new
-    eq.add_edge(::AdvancedSearch::Nodes::Id.new(:ssn))
-    eq.add_edge(::AdvancedSearch::Nodes::Value.new(v))
-    @head.add_edge(eq)
-  end
-
-  # Returns a query suitable for use with the mysql2 gem, because that's the
-  # visitor we selected above.
-  def build_query
-    @head.accept(@visitor)
-    @visitor.result
-  end
-end
-```
+## Roadmap
+
+- full-text search
+- "raw" node?
+
+[1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_syntax_tree
+[2]: https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/Querying.html#method-i-find_by_sql

data/advanced_search.gemspec

@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@ lib = File.expand_path("../lib", __FILE__)
 $LOAD_PATH.unshift(lib) unless $LOAD_PATH.include?(lib)
 require "advanced_search/version"
 
-Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+::Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
   spec.name          = "advanced_search"
-  spec.version       = AdvancedSearch::VERSION
+  spec.version = ::AdvancedSearch.gem_version
   spec.licenses = ['AGPL-3.0']
   spec.authors       = ["Jared Beck"]
   spec.email         = ["jared@jaredbeck.com"]
@@ -17,7 +17,9 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
   spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{^exe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
   spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
 
+  spec.add_development_dependency "activerecord", "~> 5.2"
   spec.add_development_dependency "bundler", "1.15.2"
-  spec.add_development_dependency "rake", "~> 10.0"
+  spec.add_development_dependency "byebug", "~> 10.0"
+  spec.add_development_dependency "pg", "~> 1.0"
   spec.add_development_dependency "rspec", "~> 3.0"
 end

data/bin/db/dump.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+
+set -x
+pg_dump --clean --create --format=plain --if-exists \
+  --no-password --no-owner --no-acl advanced_search > spec/db/pg.dump

data/bin/rake

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+
+abort 'This project does not use rake. See eg. bin/test'

data/bin/test.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+
+set -e -x
+psql < spec/db/pg.dump > /dev/null
+bundle exec rspec

data/lib/advanced_search.rb

@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
 require "advanced_search/version"
-require "advanced_search/junctive"
+require "advanced_search/ast/and"
+require "advanced_search/ast/eq"
+require "advanced_search/ast/id"
+require "advanced_search/ast/lt"
+require "advanced_search/ast/or"
+require "advanced_search/ast/value"
+require "advanced_search/sexp/s"
 
-module AdvancedSearch
-  # Your code goes here...
-end
+# We don't `require` adapters. They're going to get moved to separate
+# gems so that library consumers can `require` only what they need.

data/lib/advanced_search/adapters/mysql2/executor.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+module AdvancedSearch
+  module Adapters
+    module Mysql2
+      class Executor
+        # TDB
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/advanced_search/adapters/mysql2/query.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+module AdvancedSearch
+  module Adapters
+    module Mysql2
+      class Query
+        # TBD
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/advanced_search/adapters/mysql2/visitor.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+module AdvancedSearch
+  module Adapters
+    module Mysql2
+      class Visitor
+        # TBD
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/advanced_search/adapters/pg/executor.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+require 'pg'
+require 'advanced_search/adapters/pg/visitor'
+
+module AdvancedSearch
+  module Adapters
+    module PG
+      class Executor
+        def initialize(base_query, ast, connection)
+          @base_query = base_query
+          @ast = ast
+          @connection = connection
+        end
+
+        def execute
+          visitor = Visitor.new(:dollars)
+          @ast.accept(visitor)
+          query = visitor.result
+          sql = [@base_query, query.body].join(' where ')
+          @connection.exec_params(sql, query.params)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/advanced_search/adapters/pg/query.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+module AdvancedSearch
+  module Adapters
+    module PG
+      class Query
+        def initialize(body, params)
+          @body = body
+          @params = params.to_a
+        end
+
+        attr_reader :body, :params
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/advanced_search/adapters/pg/visitor.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+require 'advanced_search/adapters/pg/query'
+
+module AdvancedSearch
+  module Adapters
+    module PG
+      class Visitor
+        def initialize(placeholder_style)
+          @placeholder_style = placeholder_style
+          @sql = []
+          @binds = []
+        end
+
+        def result
+          Query.new(@sql.join(' '), @binds)
+        end
+
+        def visit_and(node)
+          @sql << '('
+          node.edges.each_with_index do |child, i|
+            unless i.zero?
+              @sql << 'and'
+            end
+            child.accept(self)
+          end
+          @sql << ')'
+        end
+
+        def visit_eq(node)
+          node.edges[0].accept(self)
+          @sql << '='
+          node.edges[1].accept(self)
+        end
+
+        def visit_id(node)
+          @sql << node.id
+        end
+
+        def visit_lt(node)
+          node.edges[0].accept(self)
+          @sql << '<'
+          node.edges[1].accept(self)
+        end
+
+        def visit_or(node)
+          @sql << '('
+          node.edges.each_with_index do |child, i|
+            unless i.zero?
+              @sql << 'or'
+            end
+            child.accept(self)
+          end
+          @sql << ')'
+        end
+
+        def visit_value(node)
+          @sql << placeholder(@binds.length + 1)
+          @binds << node.value
+        end
+
+        private
+
+        def placeholder(ordinal_number)
+          case @placeholder_style
+          when :question_marks
+            '?'
+          when :dollars
+            format('$%d', ordinal_number)
+          else
+            raise 'Invalid placeholder style'
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/advanced_search/ast/and.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+require "advanced_search/ast/base"
+
+module AdvancedSearch
+  module AST
+    class And < Base
+      def accept(visitor)
+        visitor.visit_and(self)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/advanced_search/ast/base.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+module AdvancedSearch
+  module AST
+    class Base
+      def initialize
+        @edges = []
+      end
+
+      attr_reader :edges
+
+      def add_edge(other_node)
+        unless other_node.is_a?(Base)
+          raise(
+            TypeError,
+            format(
+              'Invalid AST edge. Expected AdvancedSearch::AST::Base, got %s',
+              other_node
+            )
+          )
+        end
+        @edges.push(other_node)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/advanced_search/ast/eq.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+require "advanced_search/ast/base"
+
+module AdvancedSearch
+  module AST
+    class Eq < Base
+      def accept(visitor)
+        visitor.visit_eq(self)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/advanced_search/ast/id.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+require "advanced_search/ast/base"
+
+module AdvancedSearch
+  module AST
+    # Trusted. Do not construct an `Id` directly from user input.
+    class Id < Base
+      def initialize(id)
+        @id = id
+      end
+
+      attr_reader :id
+
+      def accept(visitor)
+        visitor.visit_id(self)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/advanced_search/ast/lt.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+require "advanced_search/ast/base"
+
+module AdvancedSearch
+  module AST
+    class Lt < Base
+      def accept(visitor)
+        visitor.visit_lt(self)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/advanced_search/ast/or.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+require "advanced_search/ast/base"
+
+module AdvancedSearch
+  module AST
+    class Or < Base
+      def accept(visitor)
+        visitor.visit_or(self)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/advanced_search/ast/value.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+require "advanced_search/ast/base"
+
+module AdvancedSearch
+  module AST
+    class Value < Base
+      def initialize(value)
+        @value = value
+      end
+
+      attr_reader :value
+
+      def accept(visitor)
+        visitor.visit_value(self)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/advanced_search/error.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+module AdvancedSearch
+  # Base class for all AdvancedSearch errors.
+  # @api public
+  class Error < StandardError
+  end
+end

data/lib/advanced_search/sexp/invalid_type.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+require "advanced_search/error"
+
+module AdvancedSearch
+  module SExp
+    # A nicer presentation of a `NameError`.
+    #
+    # @api public
+    class InvalidType < ::AdvancedSearch::Error
+      # @api private
+      def initialize(type, name_error)
+        @type = type
+        @name_error = name_error
+      end
+
+      # @api public
+      # @return String
+      def message
+        format(
+          'Invalid S-expression type: %s (%s) Valid types are: %s',
+          @type,
+          @name_error.message,
+          valid_types.join(', ')
+        )
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      # @api private
+      def valid_types
+        AST.constants.reject { |sym| sym == :Base }.map { |sym| sym.to_s.downcase }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/advanced_search/sexp/node_builder.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+require "advanced_search/sexp/invalid_type"
+
+module AdvancedSearch
+  module SExp
+    # @api private
+    class NodeBuilder
+      # @api private
+      def initialize(type, *args)
+        @type = type
+        @args = args
+      end
+
+      # @api private
+      def build
+        constructor_args, child_nodes = split_args
+        # puts [@type, @args, constructor_arity, constructor_args, child_nodes].inspect
+        node = node_class.new(*constructor_args)
+        add_edges(node, child_nodes)
+        node
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      # @api private
+      def add_edges(node, children)
+        children.each do |i|
+          node.add_edge(i)
+        end
+      end
+
+        # @api private
+      def constructor_arity
+        node_class.allocate.method(:initialize).arity
+      end
+
+      # @api private
+      def node_class
+        @_node_class ||= ::Object.const_get(node_class_path)
+      rescue ::NameError => e
+        raise InvalidType.new(@type, e)
+      end
+
+      # @api private
+      # @return String - absolute constant path
+      def node_class_path
+        format('::AdvancedSearch::AST::%s', @type.to_s.capitalize)
+      end
+
+      # @api private
+      def split_args
+        c_arity = constructor_arity
+        [
+          @args[0, c_arity],
+          @args[c_arity..-1]
+        ]
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/advanced_search/sexp/s.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+require "advanced_search/sexp/node_builder"
+
+module AdvancedSearch
+  module SExp
+    # S-expressions are a concise way to instantiate AST nodes.
+    #
+    # ```
+    # # This ..
+    # eq = ::AdvancedSearch::Nodes::Lt.new
+    # eq.add_edge(::AdvancedSearch::Nodes::Id.new(:age))
+    # eq.add_edge(::AdvancedSearch::Nodes::Value.new(40))
+    #
+    # # .. becomes
+    # include ::AdvancedSearch::SExp::S
+    # eq = s(:lt, s(:id, :age), s(:value, 40))
+    # ```
+    #
+    # You don't have to use S-expressions to use AdvancedSearch, but they are
+    # convenient.
+    #
+    # @api public
+    module S
+      # A concise way to instantiate AST nodes.
+      #
+      # ```
+      # include ::AdvancedSearch::SExp::S
+      # eq = s(:lt, s(:id, :age), s(:value, 40))
+      # ```
+      #
+      # As this method is an important part of the AdvancedSearch API, special
+      # care is taken to produce helpful error messages when given incorrect
+      # arguments.
+      #
+      # @api public
+      # @param type [String, Symbol] - The basename of a descendent of AST::Base.
+      #   E.g. to instantiate an `AST:Eq`, use `'eq'` or `:eq`.
+      # @param *args - Arguments for the AST node constructor first. Subsequent
+      #   arguments become child nodes.
+      def s(type, *args)
+        NodeBuilder.new(type, *args).build
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/advanced_search/version.rb

@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
 module AdvancedSearch
-  VERSION = "0.0.1"
+  # @api public
+  # @added 0.0.2
+  def self.gem_version
+    ::Gem::Version.new('0.0.2')
+  end
 end

metadata

@@ -1,15 +1,29 @@
 --- !ruby/object:Gem::Specification
 name: advanced_search
 version: !ruby/object:Gem::Version
-  version: 0.0.1
+  version: 0.0.2
 platform: ruby
 authors:
 - Jared Beck
 autorequire: 
 bindir: exe
 cert_chain: []
-date: 2018-10-04 00:00:00.000000000 Z
+date: 2018-10-30 00:00:00.000000000 Z
 dependencies:
+- !ruby/object:Gem::Dependency
+  name: activerecord
+  requirement: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    requirements:
+    - - "~>"
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: '5.2'
+  type: :development
+  prerelease: false
+  version_requirements: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    requirements:
+    - - "~>"
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: '5.2'
 - !ruby/object:Gem::Dependency
   name: bundler
   requirement: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
@@ -25,7 +39,7 @@ dependencies:
       - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
         version: 1.15.2
 - !ruby/object:Gem::Dependency
-  name: rake
+  name: byebug
   requirement: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
     requirements:
     - - "~>"
@@ -38,6 +52,20 @@ dependencies:
     - - "~>"
       - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
         version: '10.0'
+- !ruby/object:Gem::Dependency
+  name: pg
+  requirement: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    requirements:
+    - - "~>"
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: '1.0'
+  type: :development
+  prerelease: false
+  version_requirements: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    requirements:
+    - - "~>"
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: '1.0'
 - !ruby/object:Gem::Dependency
   name: rspec
   requirement: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
@@ -65,15 +93,31 @@ files:
 - CHANGELOG.md
 - CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md
 - Gemfile
-- Gemfile.lock
 - LICENSE
 - README.md
-- Rakefile
 - advanced_search.gemspec
 - bin/console
-- bin/setup
+- bin/db/dump.sh
+- bin/rake
+- bin/test.sh
 - lib/advanced_search.rb
-- lib/advanced_search/junctive.rb
+- lib/advanced_search/adapters/mysql2/executor.rb
+- lib/advanced_search/adapters/mysql2/query.rb
+- lib/advanced_search/adapters/mysql2/visitor.rb
+- lib/advanced_search/adapters/pg/executor.rb
+- lib/advanced_search/adapters/pg/query.rb
+- lib/advanced_search/adapters/pg/visitor.rb
+- lib/advanced_search/ast/and.rb
+- lib/advanced_search/ast/base.rb
+- lib/advanced_search/ast/eq.rb
+- lib/advanced_search/ast/id.rb
+- lib/advanced_search/ast/lt.rb
+- lib/advanced_search/ast/or.rb
+- lib/advanced_search/ast/value.rb
+- lib/advanced_search/error.rb
+- lib/advanced_search/sexp/invalid_type.rb
+- lib/advanced_search/sexp/node_builder.rb
+- lib/advanced_search/sexp/s.rb
 - lib/advanced_search/version.rb
 homepage: https://github.com/jaredbeck/advanced_search
 licenses:

data/Gemfile.lock

@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-PATH
-  remote: .
-  specs:
-    advanced_search (0.0.1)
-
-GEM
-  remote: https://rubygems.org/
-  specs:
-    diff-lcs (1.3)
-    rake (10.5.0)
-    rspec (3.8.0)
-      rspec-core (~> 3.8.0)
-      rspec-expectations (~> 3.8.0)
-      rspec-mocks (~> 3.8.0)
-    rspec-core (3.8.0)
-      rspec-support (~> 3.8.0)
-    rspec-expectations (3.8.1)
-      diff-lcs (>= 1.2.0, < 2.0)
-      rspec-support (~> 3.8.0)
-    rspec-mocks (3.8.0)
-      diff-lcs (>= 1.2.0, < 2.0)
-      rspec-support (~> 3.8.0)
-    rspec-support (3.8.0)
-
-PLATFORMS
-  ruby
-
-DEPENDENCIES
-  advanced_search!
-  bundler (= 1.15.2)
-  rake (~> 10.0)
-  rspec (~> 3.0)
-
-BUNDLED WITH
-   1.15.2

data/Rakefile

@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-require "bundler/gem_tasks"
-require "rspec/core/rake_task"
-
-RSpec::Core::RakeTask.new(:spec)
-
-task :default => :spec

data/bin/setup

@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env bash
-set -euo pipefail
-IFS=$'\n\t'
-set -vx
-
-bundle install
-
-# Do any other automated setup that you need to do here

data/lib/advanced_search/junctive.rb

@@ -1,218 +0,0 @@
-# bin/console
-# irb(main):001:0> AdvancedSearch::Junctive::Client.new(:or).perform(age_lt: 40, ssn_eq: '123-45-6789')
-#          InsecureSql -> age < 40 or ssn = 123-45-6789
-#             BoundSql -> ["age < $1 or ssn = $2", [40, "123-45-6789"]]
-#            BananaSql -> 🍌 < 🍌 or 🍌 = 🍌
-# => nil
-
-module AdvancedSearch
-  module Junctive
-    module Nodes
-      class Base
-        def initialize
-          @edges = []
-        end
-
-        def add_edge(other_node)
-          @edges.push(other_node)
-        end
-      end
-
-      class And < Base
-        def accept(visitor)
-          @edges.each_with_index do |node, i|
-            unless i.zero?
-              visitor.visit_and
-            end
-            node.accept(visitor)
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      class Eq < Base
-        def accept(visitor)
-          @edges[0].accept(visitor)
-          visitor.visit_eq
-          @edges[1].accept(visitor)
-        end
-      end
-
-      class Id < Base
-        def initialize(id)
-          @id = id
-        end
-
-        attr_reader :id
-
-        def accept(visitor)
-          visitor.visit_id(self)
-        end
-      end
-
-      class Lt < Base
-        def accept(visitor)
-          @edges[0].accept(visitor)
-          visitor.visit_lt
-          @edges[1].accept(visitor)
-        end
-      end
-
-      class Or < Base
-        def accept(visitor)
-          @edges.each_with_index do |node, i|
-            unless i.zero?
-              visitor.visit_or
-            end
-            node.accept(visitor)
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      class Value < Base
-        def initialize(value)
-          @value = value
-        end
-
-        attr_reader :value
-
-        def accept(visitor)
-          visitor.visit_value(self)
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    module Visitors
-      class Sql
-        def initialize
-          @sql = []
-        end
-
-        def visit_and
-          @sql << 'and'
-        end
-
-        def visit_eq
-          @sql << '='
-        end
-
-        def visit_lt
-          @sql << '<'
-        end
-
-        def visit_or
-          @sql << 'or'
-        end
-      end
-
-      class BoundSql < Sql
-        def initialize
-          super
-          @binds = []
-        end
-
-        def result
-          [@sql.join(' '), @binds]
-        end
-
-        def visit_id(node)
-          @sql << node.id
-        end
-
-        def visit_value(node)
-          @sql << format('$%d', @binds.length + 1)
-          @binds << node.value
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Vulnerable to SQL-injection
-      class InsecureSql < Sql
-        def initialize
-          @sql = []
-        end
-
-        def result
-          @sql.join(' ')
-        end
-
-        def visit_id(node)
-          @sql << node.id
-        end
-
-        def visit_value(node)
-          @sql << node.value
-        end
-      end
-
-      class BananaSql < Sql
-        def initialize
-          @sql = []
-        end
-
-        def result
-          @sql.join(' ')
-        end
-
-        def visit_id(_node)
-          @sql << '🍌'
-        end
-
-        def visit_value(_node)
-          @sql << '🍌'
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    class Client
-      # The head of the tree is either a conjunction or disjunction, depending
-      # on `operator`.
-      def initialize(operator)
-        @head = get_head(operator)
-      end
-
-      def perform(params)
-        # Build a graph (tree) by dynamically `send`ing the parameter name.
-        params.each { |k, v| send(k, v) }
-
-        # Now, we have a graph (tree) which we can iterate (DFS) using whichever
-        # visitor we feel like using.
-        traverse(Visitors::InsecureSql)
-        traverse(Visitors::BoundSql)
-        traverse(Visitors::BananaSql)
-      end
-
-      private
-
-      def age_lt(v)
-        eq = Nodes::Lt.new
-        eq.add_edge(Nodes::Id.new(:age))
-        eq.add_edge(Nodes::Value.new(v))
-        @head.add_edge(eq)
-      end
-
-      def get_head(operator)
-        case operator
-        when :and
-          Nodes::And.new
-        when :or
-          Nodes::Or.new
-        else
-          raise 'invalid operator'
-        end
-      end
-
-      def ssn_eq(v)
-        eq = Nodes::Eq.new
-        eq.add_edge(Nodes::Id.new(:ssn))
-        eq.add_edge(Nodes::Value.new(v))
-        @head.add_edge(eq)
-      end
-
-      def traverse(visitor_class)
-        visitor = visitor_class.new
-        @head.accept(visitor)
-        puts format('%20s -> %s', visitor_class.name.split('::').last, visitor.result)
-        nil
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end