activegroonga 0.0.7 → 1.0.0

data/README.ja.rdoc

@@ -26,9 +26,12 @@ Kouhei Sutou <tt><kou@clear-code.com></tt>
 
 LGPL 2.1です。詳しくはlicense/LGPLを見てください。
 
+（コントリビュートされたパッチなども含み、Kouhei Sutouがライ
+センスを変更する権利を持ちます。）
+
 == 依存ソフトウェア
 
-* Ruby/groonga
+* rroonga
 
 == インストール
 

data/README.rdoc

@@ -26,9 +26,12 @@ Kouhei Sutou <tt><kou@clear-code.com></tt>
 
 LGPL 2.1. See license/LGPL for details.
 
+(Kouhei Sutou has a right to change license inclidng
+contributed patches.)
+
 == Dependencies
 
-* Ruby/groonga
+* rroonga
 
 == Install
 

data/Rakefile

@@ -22,7 +22,9 @@ require 'fileutils'
 require 'pathname'
 require 'erb'
 require 'rubygems'
-gem 'rdoc'
+if RUBY_VERSION < "1.9"
+  gem 'rdoc'
+end
 require 'hoe'
 
 ENV["NODOT"] = "yes"
@@ -39,6 +41,9 @@ $LOAD_PATH.unshift(groonga_ext_dir)
 $LOAD_PATH.unshift(groonga_lib_dir)
 ENV["RUBYLIB"] = "#{groonga_lib_dir}:#{groonga_ext_dir}:#{ENV['RUBYLIB']}"
 
+active_groonga_lib_dir = File.join(base_dir, "lib")
+$LOAD_PATH.unshift(active_groonga_lib_dir)
+
 def guess_version
   require 'active_groonga/version'
   ActiveGroonga::VERSION::STRING
@@ -82,7 +87,7 @@ def cleanup_white_space(entry)
 end
 
 ENV["VERSION"] ||= guess_version
-version = ENV["VERSION"]
+version = ENV["VERSION"].dup
 project = nil
 Hoe.spec('activegroonga') do |_project|
   Hoe::Test::SUPPORTED_TEST_FRAMEWORKS[:testunit2] = "test/run-test.rb"
@@ -106,8 +111,8 @@ Hoe.spec('activegroonga') do |_project|
     :extra_rdoc_files => Dir.glob("*.rdoc"),
   }
   project.readme_file = "README.ja.rdoc"
-  project.extra_deps = [["groonga", "=#{version}"],
-                        ["activerecord", "=2.3.4"]]
+  project.extra_deps = [["rroonga", ">= 1.0.4"],
+                        ["activemodel", ">= 3.0.1"]]
 
   news_of_current_release = File.read("NEWS.rdoc").split(/^==\s.*$/)[1]
   project.changes = cleanup_white_space(news_of_current_release)
@@ -182,3 +187,12 @@ task :tag do
   sh("svn cp -m 'release #{version}!!!' " +
      "#{repository}/trunk #{repository}/tags/#{version}")
 end
+
+desc "generate activegroonga.gemspec"
+task :generate_gemspec do
+  spec = project.spec
+  spec_name = File.join(base_dir, project.spec.spec_name)
+  File.open(spec_name, "w") do |spec_file|
+    spec_file.puts(spec.to_ruby)
+  end
+end

data/lib/active_groonga.rb

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# Copyright (C) 2009  Kouhei Sutou <kou@clear-code.com>
+# Copyright (C) 2009-2010  Kouhei Sutou <kou@clear-code.com>
 #
 # This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
 # modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
@@ -13,66 +13,39 @@
 # License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
 # Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA
 
-require 'rubygems'
-require 'active_support'
-require 'active_record'
+require 'pathname'
 
-base_dir = File.dirname(__FILE__)
-ruby_groonga_dir = File.join(base_dir, "..", "..", "groonga")
-ruby_groonga_dir = File.expand_path(ruby_groonga_dir)
-if File.exist?(ruby_groonga_dir)
-  $LOAD_PATH.unshift(File.join(ruby_groonga_dir, "ext"))
-  $LOAD_PATH.unshift(File.join(ruby_groonga_dir, "lib"))
+require 'active_model'
+
+base_dir = Pathname(__FILE__).dirname
+rroonga_dir = (base_dir + "../../groonga").expand_path
+if rroonga_dir.exist?
+  $LOAD_PATH.unshift(rroonga_dir + "ext" + "groonga")
+  $LOAD_PATH.unshift(rroonga_dir + "lib")
 end
+
 require 'groonga'
 
 module ActiveGroonga
-  def self.load_all!
-    [Base, Column]
-  end
+  extend ActiveSupport::Autoload
 
-  autoload :VERSION, 'active_groonga/version'
+  eager_autoload do
+    autoload :VERSION
 
-  autoload :ActiveGroongaError, 'active_groonga/base'
+    autoload :Error
 
-  autoload :Aggregations, 'active_groonga/aggregations'
-  autoload :AssociationPreload, 'active_groonga/association_preload'
-  autoload :Associations, 'active_groonga/associations'
-  autoload :AttributeMethods, 'active_groonga/attribute_methods'
-  autoload :AutosaveAssociation, 'active_groonga/autosave_association'
-  autoload :Base, 'active_groonga/base'
-  autoload :Batches, 'active_groonga/batches'
-  autoload :Calculations, 'active_groonga/calculations'
-  autoload :Callbacks, 'active_groonga/callbacks'
-  autoload :Column, 'active_groonga/column'
-  autoload :IdColumn, 'active_groonga/column'
-  autoload :Dirty, 'active_groonga/dirty'
-  autoload :DynamicRecordExpressionBuilder,
-           'active_groonga/dynamic_record_expression_builder'
-  autoload :Migration, 'active_groonga/migration'
-  autoload :Migrator, 'active_groonga/migration'
-  autoload :NamedScope, 'active_groonga/named_scope'
-  autoload :NestedAttributes, 'active_groonga/nested_attributes'
-  autoload :Observing, 'active_groonga/observer'
-  autoload :QueryCache, 'active_groonga/query_cache'
-  autoload :Reflection, 'active_groonga/reflection'
-  autoload :Schema, 'active_groonga/schema'
-  autoload :SchemaDumper, 'active_groonga/schema_dumper'
-  autoload :Serialization, 'active_groonga/serialization'
-  autoload :SessionStore, 'active_groonga/session_store'
-  autoload :TestCase, 'active_groonga/test_case'
-  autoload :Timestamp, 'active_groonga/timestamp'
-  autoload :Transactions, 'active_groonga/transactions'
-  autoload :Validations, 'active_groonga/validations'
+    autoload :Base
+    autoload :Vector
+    autoload :Database
+    autoload :ResultSet
+    autoload :Schema
+    autoload :Persistence
+    autoload :Validations
+    autoload :Callbacks
 
-  module Locking
-    autoload :Optimistic, 'active_groonga/locking/optimistic'
-    autoload :Pessimistic, 'active_groonga/locking/pessimistic'
+    autoload :Migrator
+    autoload :Migration
   end
 end
 
-# I18n.load_path << File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/active_groonga/locale/en.yml'
-
-if defined?(Rails::Configuration)
-  require 'active_groonga/rails_support'
-end
+I18n.load_path << (base_dir + 'active_groonga/locale/en.yml').to_s

data/lib/active_groonga/base.rb

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# Copyright (C) 2009  Kouhei Sutou <kou@clear-code.com>
+# Copyright (C) 2009-2010  Kouhei Sutou <kou@clear-code.com>
 #
 # This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
 # modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
@@ -13,165 +13,49 @@
 # License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
 # Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA
 
-# This library includes ActiveRecord based codes temporary.
-# Here is their copyright and license:
-#
-#   Copyright (c) 2004-2009 David Heinemeier Hansson
-#
-#   Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
-#   a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
-#   "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
-#   without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
-#   distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
-#   permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
-#   the following conditions:
-#
-#   The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
-#   included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-#
-#   THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
-#   EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
-#   MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
-#   NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
-#   LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
-#   OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
-#   WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+require 'fileutils'
 
-require 'active_record/base'
+require 'active_support/all'
 
 module ActiveGroonga
-  # Generic ActiveGroonga exception class.
-  class ActiveGroongaError < StandardError
-  end
-
-  # Raised when ActiveGroonga cannot find record by given id or set of ids.
-  class RecordNotFound < ActiveGroongaError
-  end
-
-  # Raised when database not specified (or configuration file <tt>config/groonga.yml</tt> misses database field).
-  class DatabaseNotSpecified < ActiveGroongaError
-  end
-
   class Base
-    ##
-    # :singleton-method:
-    # Accepts a logger conforming to the interface of Log4r or the default Ruby 1.8+ Logger class, which is then passed
-    # on to any new database connections made and which can be retrieved on both a class and instance level by calling +logger+.
-    cattr_accessor :logger, :instance_writer => false
+    extend ActiveModel::Naming
+    include ActiveModel::Conversion
+    include ActiveModel::AttributeMethods
+    attribute_method_suffix ""
+    attribute_method_suffix "="
 
-    ##
-    # :singleton-method:
-    # Contains the groonga configuration - as is typically stored in config/groonga.yml -
-    # as a Hash.
-    #
-    # For example, the following groonga.yml...
-    # 
-    #   development:
-    #     database: db/development.groonga
-    #   
-    #   production:
-    #     adapter: groonga
-    #     database: db/production.groonga
-    #
-    # ...would result in ActiveGroonga::Base.configurations to look like this:
-    #
-    #   {
-    #      'development' => {
-    #         'database' => 'db/development.groonga'
-    #      },
-    #      'production' => {
-    #         'database' => 'db/production.groonga'
-    #      }
-    #   }
-    cattr_accessor :configurations, :instance_writer => false
-    @@configurations = {}
-
-    ##
-    # :singleton-method:
-    # Accessor for the name of the prefix string to prepend to every table name. So if set to "basecamp_", all
-    # table names will be named like "basecamp_projects", "basecamp_people", etc. This is a convenient way of creating a namespace
-    # for tables in a shared database. By default, the prefix is the empty string.
-    cattr_accessor :table_name_prefix, :instance_writer => false
-    @@table_name_prefix = ""
-
-    ##
-    # :singleton-method:
-    # Works like +table_name_prefix+, but appends instead of prepends (set to "_basecamp" gives "projects_basecamp",
-    # "people_basecamp"). By default, the suffix is the empty string.
-    cattr_accessor :table_name_suffix, :instance_writer => false
-    @@table_name_suffix = ""
-
-    ##
-    # :singleton-method:
-    # Indicates whether table names should be the pluralized versions of the corresponding class names.
-    # If true, the default table name for a Product class will be +products+. If false, it would just be +product+.
-    # See table_name for the full rules on table/class naming. This is true, by default.
-    cattr_accessor :pluralize_table_names, :instance_writer => false
-    @@pluralize_table_names = true
-
-    ##
-    # :singleton-method:
-    # Determines whether to use ANSI codes to colorize the logging statements committed by the connection adapter. These colors
-    # make it much easier to overview things during debugging (when used through a reader like +tail+ and on a black background), but
-    # may complicate matters if you use software like syslog. This is true, by default.
-    cattr_accessor :colorize_logging, :instance_writer => false
-    @@colorize_logging = true
+    cattr_accessor :logger, :instance_writer => false
 
-    ##
-    # :singleton-method:
-    # Determines whether to use Time.local (using :local) or Time.utc (using :utc) when pulling dates and times from the database.
-    # This is set to :local by default.
-    cattr_accessor :default_timezone, :instance_writer => false
-    @@default_timezone = :local
+    cattr_reader :database_path, :instance_reader => false
 
-    # Determine whether to store the full constant name including namespace when using STI
-    superclass_delegating_accessor :store_full_sti_class
-    self.store_full_sti_class = false
+    @@configurations = {}
+    cattr_accessor :configurations
 
-    # Stores the default scope for the class
-    class_inheritable_accessor :default_scoping, :instance_writer => false
-    self.default_scoping = []
+    @@context = nil
+    @@encoding = "utf8"
+    cattr_reader :encoding, :instance_reader => false
 
-    ##
-    # :singleton-method:
-    # Specifies the format to use when dumping the database schema with Rails'
-    # Rakefile.  If :sql, the schema is dumped as (potentially database-
-    # specific) SQL statements.  If :ruby, the schema is dumped as an
-    # ActiveRecord::Schema file which can be loaded into any database that
-    # supports migrations.  Use :ruby if you want to have different database
-    # adapters for, e.g., your development and test environments.
-    cattr_accessor :schema_format , :instance_writer => false
-    @@schema_format = :ruby
+    class << self
+      def configure(configuration)
+        case configuration
+        when String, Symbol
+          configure(configurations[configuration.to_s])
+        when Hash
+          self.database_path = configuration["database"]
+          self.encoding = configuration["encoding"]
+        end
+      end
 
-    cattr_accessor :database_directory, :instance_writer => false
-    @@database_directory = nil
+      def database
+        @@database ||= Database.new(database_path)
+      end
 
-    class << self
-      # Creates an object (or multiple objects) and saves it to the database, if validations pass.
-      # The resulting object is returned whether the object was saved successfully to the database or not.
-      #
-      # The +attributes+ parameter can be either be a Hash or an Array of Hashes.  These Hashes describe the
-      # attributes on the objects that are to be created.
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #   # Create a single new object
-      #   User.create(:first_name => 'Jamie')
-      #
-      #   # Create an Array of new objects
-      #   User.create([{ :first_name => 'Jamie' }, { :first_name => 'Jeremy' }])
-      #
-      #   # Create a single object and pass it into a block to set other attributes.
-      #   User.create(:first_name => 'Jamie') do |u|
-      #     u.is_admin = false
-      #   end
-      #
-      #   # Creating an Array of new objects using a block, where the block is executed for each object:
-      #   User.create([{ :first_name => 'Jamie' }, { :first_name => 'Jeremy' }]) do |u|
-      #     u.is_admin = false
-      #   end
-      def create(attributes = nil, &block)
+      def create(attributes=nil, &block)
         if attributes.is_a?(Array)
-          attributes.collect { |attr| create(attr, &block) }
+          attributes.collect do |nested_attributes|
+            create(nested_attributes, &block)
+          end
         else
           object = new(attributes)
           yield(object) if block_given?
@@ -180,1436 +64,236 @@ module ActiveGroonga
         end
       end
 
-      # Attributes named in this macro are protected from mass-assignment,
-      # such as <tt>new(attributes)</tt>,
-      # <tt>update_attributes(attributes)</tt>, or
-      # <tt>attributes=(attributes)</tt>.
-      #
-      # Mass-assignment to these attributes will simply be ignored, to assign
-      # to them you can use direct writer methods. This is meant to protect
-      # sensitive attributes from being overwritten by malicious users
-      # tampering with URLs or forms.
-      #
-      #   class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     attr_protected :credit_rating
-      #   end
-      #
-      #   customer = Customer.new("name" => David, "credit_rating" => "Excellent")
-      #   customer.credit_rating # => nil
-      #   customer.attributes = { "description" => "Jolly fellow", "credit_rating" => "Superb" }
-      #   customer.credit_rating # => nil
-      #
-      #   customer.credit_rating = "Average"
-      #   customer.credit_rating # => "Average"
-      #
-      # To start from an all-closed default and enable attributes as needed,
-      # have a look at +attr_accessible+.
-      def attr_protected(*attributes)
-        write_inheritable_attribute(:attr_protected, Set.new(attributes.map(&:to_s)) + (protected_attributes || []))
-      end
-
-      # Returns an array of all the attributes that have been protected from mass-assignment.
-      def protected_attributes # :nodoc:
-        read_inheritable_attribute(:attr_protected)
-      end
-
-      # Specifies a white list of model attributes that can be set via
-      # mass-assignment, such as <tt>new(attributes)</tt>,
-      # <tt>update_attributes(attributes)</tt>, or
-      # <tt>attributes=(attributes)</tt>
-      #
-      # This is the opposite of the +attr_protected+ macro: Mass-assignment
-      # will only set attributes in this list, to assign to the rest of
-      # attributes you can use direct writer methods. This is meant to protect
-      # sensitive attributes from being overwritten by malicious users
-      # tampering with URLs or forms. If you'd rather start from an all-open
-      # default and restrict attributes as needed, have a look at
-      # +attr_protected+.
-      #
-      #   class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     attr_accessible :name, :nickname
-      #   end
-      #
-      #   customer = Customer.new(:name => "David", :nickname => "Dave", :credit_rating => "Excellent")
-      #   customer.credit_rating # => nil
-      #   customer.attributes = { :name => "Jolly fellow", :credit_rating => "Superb" }
-      #   customer.credit_rating # => nil
-      #
-      #   customer.credit_rating = "Average"
-      #   customer.credit_rating # => "Average"
-      def attr_accessible(*attributes)
-        write_inheritable_attribute(:attr_accessible, Set.new(attributes.map(&:to_s)) + (accessible_attributes || []))
-      end
-
-      # Returns an array of all the attributes that have been made accessible to mass-assignment.
-      def accessible_attributes # :nodoc:
-        read_inheritable_attribute(:attr_accessible)
-      end
-
-      # Attributes listed as readonly can be set for a new record, but will be ignored in database updates afterwards.
-      def attr_readonly(*attributes)
-        write_inheritable_attribute(:attr_readonly, Set.new(attributes.map(&:to_s)) + (readonly_attributes || []))
-      end
-
-      # Returns an array of all the attributes that have been specified as readonly.
-      def readonly_attributes
-        read_inheritable_attribute(:attr_readonly)
-      end
-
-
-      # If you have an attribute that needs to be saved to the database as an object, and retrieved as the same object,
-      # then specify the name of that attribute using this method and it will be handled automatically.
-      # The serialization is done through YAML. If +class_name+ is specified, the serialized object must be of that
-      # class on retrieval or SerializationTypeMismatch will be raised.
-      #
-      # ==== Parameters
-      #
-      # * +attr_name+ - The field name that should be serialized.
-      # * +class_name+ - Optional, class name that the object type should be equal to.
-      #
-      # ==== Example
-      #   # Serialize a preferences attribute
-      #   class User
-      #     serialize :preferences
-      #   end
-      def serialize(attr_name, class_name = Object)
-        serialized_attributes[attr_name.to_s] = class_name
-      end
-
-      # Returns a hash of all the attributes that have been specified for serialization as keys and their class restriction as values.
-      def serialized_attributes
-        read_inheritable_attribute(:attr_serialized) or write_inheritable_attribute(:attr_serialized, {})
-      end
-
-      # Guesses the table name (in forced lower-case) based on the name of the class in the inheritance hierarchy descending
-      # directly from ActiveGroonga::Base. So if the hierarchy looks like: Reply < Message < ActiveGroonga::Base, then Message is used
-      # to guess the table name even when called on Reply. The rules used to do the guess are handled by the Inflector class
-      # in Active Support, which knows almost all common English inflections. You can add new inflections in config/initializers/inflections.rb.
-      #
-      # Nested classes are given table names prefixed by the singular form of
-      # the parent's table name. Enclosing modules are not considered.
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #
-      #   class Invoice < ActiveGroonga::Base; end;
-      #   file                  class               table_name
-      #   invoice.rb            Invoice             invoices
-      #
-      #   class Invoice < ActiveGroonga::Base; class Lineitem < ActiveGroonga::Base; end; end;
-      #   file                  class               table_name
-      #   invoice.rb            Invoice::Lineitem   invoice_lineitems
-      #
-      #   module Invoice; class Lineitem < ActiveGroonga::Base; end; end;
-      #   file                  class               table_name
-      #   invoice/lineitem.rb   Invoice::Lineitem   lineitems
-      #
-      # Additionally, the class-level +table_name_prefix+ is prepended and the
-      # +table_name_suffix+ is appended.  So if you have "myapp_" as a prefix,
-      # the table name guess for an Invoice class becomes "myapp_invoices".
-      # Invoice::Lineitem becomes "myapp_invoice_lineitems".
-      #
-      # You can also overwrite this class method to allow for unguessable
-      # links, such as a Mouse class with a link to a "mice" table. Example:
-      #
-      #   class Mouse < ActiveGroonga::Base
-      #     set_table_name "mice"
-      #   end
-      def table_name
-        reset_table_name
-      end
-
-      def reset_table_name #:nodoc:
-        base = base_class
-
-        name =
-          # STI subclasses always use their superclass' table.
-          unless self == base
-            base.table_name
-          else
-            # Nested classes are prefixed with singular parent table name.
-            if parent < ActiveGroonga::Base && !parent.abstract_class?
-              contained = parent.table_name
-              contained = contained.singularize if parent.pluralize_table_names
-              contained << '_'
-            end
-            name = "#{table_name_prefix}#{contained}#{undecorated_table_name(base.name)}#{table_name_suffix}"
+      def find(record_id, options={})
+        record_id = record_id.record_id if record_id.respond_to?(:record_id)
+        unless table.support_key?
+          begin
+            record_id = Integer(record_id)
+          rescue ArgumentError
+            return nil
           end
-
-        set_table_name(name)
-        name
-      end
-
-      # Defines the column name for use with single table inheritance
-      # -- can be set in subclasses like so: self.inheritance_column = "type_id"
-      def inheritance_column
-        @inheritance_column ||= "type".freeze
-      end
-
-      # Sets the table name to use to the given value, or (if the value
-      # is nil or false) to the value returned by the given block.
-      #
-      #   class Project < ActiveGroonga::Base
-      #     set_table_name "project"
-      #   end
-      def set_table_name(value = nil, &block)
-        define_attr_method :table_name, value, &block
-      end
-      alias :table_name= :set_table_name
-
-      # Turns the +table_name+ back into a class name following the reverse rules of +table_name+.
-      def class_name(table_name = table_name) # :nodoc:
-        # remove any prefix and/or suffix from the table name
-        class_name = table_name[table_name_prefix.length..-(table_name_suffix.length + 1)].camelize
-        class_name = class_name.singularize if pluralize_table_names
-        class_name
-      end
-
-      # Indicates whether the table associated with this class exists
-      def table_exists?
-        not table.nil?
-      end
-
-      def primary_key
-        "id"
-      end
-
-      # Returns an array of column objects for the table associated with this class.
-      def columns
-        @columns ||= [IdColumn.new(table)] + table.columns.collect do |column|
-          Column.new(column)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Returns a hash of column objects for the table associated with this class.
-      def columns_hash
-        @columns_hash ||= columns.inject({}) { |hash, column| hash[column.name] = column; hash }
-      end
-
-      # Returns an array of column names as strings.
-      def column_names
-        @column_names ||= columns.map { |column| column.name }
-      end
-
-      # Returns an array of column objects where the primary id, all columns ending in "_id" or "_count",
-      # and columns used for single table inheritance have been removed.
-      def content_columns
-        @content_columns ||= columns.reject do |c|
-          c.primary || c.type == :references || c.name == inheritance_column
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Returns a hash of all the methods added to query each of the columns in the table with the name of the method as the key
-      # and true as the value. This makes it possible to do O(1) lookups in respond_to? to check if a given method for attribute
-      # is available.
-      def column_methods_hash #:nodoc:
-        @dynamic_methods_hash ||= column_names.inject(Hash.new(false)) do |methods, attr|
-          attr_name = attr.to_s
-          methods[attr.to_sym]       = attr_name
-          methods["#{attr}=".to_sym] = attr_name
-          methods["#{attr}?".to_sym] = attr_name
-          methods["#{attr}_before_type_cast".to_sym] = attr_name
-          methods
-        end
-      end
-
-      # True if this isn't a concrete subclass needing a STI type condition.
-      def descends_from_active_groonga?
-        if superclass.abstract_class?
-          superclass.descends_from_active_groonga?
-        else
-          superclass == Base || !columns_hash.include?(inheritance_column)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Returns a string like 'Post id:integer, title:string, body:text'
-      def inspect
-        if self == Base
-          super
-        elsif abstract_class?
-          "#{super}(abstract)"
-        elsif table_exists?
-          attr_list = columns.collect do |column|
-            if column.id?
-              nil
-            else
-              "#{column.name}: #{column.type}"
-            end
-          end.compact.join(', ')
-          "#{super}(#{attr_list})"
-        else
-          "#{super}(Table doesn't exist)"
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Log and benchmark multiple statements in a single block. Example:
-      #
-      #   Project.benchmark("Creating project") do
-      #     project = Project.create("name" => "stuff")
-      #     project.create_manager("name" => "David")
-      #     project.milestones << Milestone.find(:all)
-      #   end
-      #
-      # The benchmark is only recorded if the current level of the logger is less than or equal to the <tt>log_level</tt>,
-      # which makes it easy to include benchmarking statements in production software that will remain inexpensive because
-      # the benchmark will only be conducted if the log level is low enough.
-      #
-      # The logging of the multiple statements is turned off unless <tt>use_silence</tt> is set to false.
-      def benchmark(title, log_level=Logger::DEBUG, use_silence=true)
-        if logger && logger.level <= log_level
-          result = nil
-          ms = Benchmark.ms { result = use_silence ? silence { yield } : yield }
-          logger.add(log_level, '%s (%.1fms)' % [title, ms])
-          result
-        else
-          yield
+          return nil unless table.exist?(record_id)
         end
+        record = table[record_id]
+        return nil if record.nil?
+        instantiate(record)
       end
 
-      # Overwrite the default class equality method to provide support for association proxies.
-      def ===(object)
-        object.is_a?(self)
-      end
-
-      # Returns the base AR subclass that this class descends from. If A
-      # extends AR::Base, A.base_class will return A. If B descends from A
-      # through some arbitrarily deep hierarchy, B.base_class will return A.
-      def base_class
-        class_of_active_groonga_descendant(self)
-      end
-
-      # Set this to true if this is an abstract class (see <tt>abstract_class?</tt>).
-      attr_accessor :abstract_class
-
-      # Returns whether this class is a base AR class.  If A is a base class and
-      # B descends from A, then B.base_class will return B.
-      def abstract_class?
-        defined?(@abstract_class) && @abstract_class == true
-      end
-
-      def find(*args, &block)
-        options = args.extract_options!
-        options = options.merge(:expression => block) if block
-        validate_find_options(options)
-        set_readonly_option!(options)
-
-        case args.first
-        when :first
-          find_initial(options)
-        when :last
-          find_last(options)
-        when :all
-          find_every(options)
-        else
-          find_from_ids(args, options)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # A convenience wrapper for <tt>find(:first, *args)</tt>. You can pass in all the
-      # same arguments to this method as you can to <tt>find(:first)</tt>.
-      def first(*args)
-        find(:first, *args)
-      end
-
-      # A convenience wrapper for <tt>find(:last, *args)</tt>. You can pass in all the
-      # same arguments to this method as you can to <tt>find(:last)</tt>.
-      def last(*args)
-        find(:last, *args)
-      end
-
-      # This is an alias for find(:all).  You can pass in all the same arguments to this method as you can
-      # to find(:all)
-      def all(*args)
-        find(:all, *args)
-      end
-
-      def context
-        Groonga::Context.default
-      end
-
-      def database
-        context.database
-      end
-
-      def table
-        context[groonga_table_name]
-      end
-
-      def groonga_table_name(name=nil)
-        (name || table_name).to_s
-      end
-
-      def groonga_metadata_table_name(name)
-        "meta-#{name}"
-      end
-
-      # Defines an "attribute" method (like +inheritance_column+ or
-      # +table_name+). A new (class) method will be created with the
-      # given name. If a value is specified, the new method will
-      # return that value (as a string). Otherwise, the given block
-      # will be used to compute the value of the method.
-      #
-      # The original method will be aliased, with the new name being
-      # prefixed with "original_". This allows the new method to
-      # access the original value.
-      #
-      # Example:
-      #
-      #   class A < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     define_attr_method :primary_key, "sysid"
-      #     define_attr_method( :inheritance_column ) do
-      #       original_inheritance_column + "_id"
-      #     end
-      #   end
-      def define_attr_method(name, value=nil, &block)
-        sing = class << self; self; end
-        sing.send :alias_method, "original_#{name}", name
+      def select(options={})
         if block_given?
-          sing.send :define_method, name, &block
-        else
-          # use eval instead of a block to work around a memory leak in dev
-          # mode in fcgi
-          sing.class_eval "def #{name}; #{value.to_s.inspect}; end"
-        end
-      end
-
-      def setup_database(spec=nil)
-        case spec
-        when nil
-          raise DatabaseNotSpecified unless defined? RAILS_ENV
-          setup_database(RAILS_ENV)
-        when Symbol, String
-          if configuration = configurations[spec.to_s]
-            setup_database(configuration)
-          else
-            raise DatabaseNotSpecified, "#{spec} database is not configured"
+          records = table.select do |record|
+            yield(record)
           end
+          ResultSet.new(records, self, :expression => records.expression)
         else
-          spec = spec.symbolize_keys
-          unless spec.key?(:database)
-            raise DatabaseNotSpecified, "groonga configuration does not specify database"
-          end
-          database_directory = spec[:database]
-
-          Groonga::Context.default = nil
-          Groonga::Context.default_options = {:encoding => spec[:encoding]}
-          unless File.exist?(database_directory)
-            FileUtils.mkdir_p(database_directory)
-          end
-          database_directory = File.expand_path(database_directory)
-          database_file = File.join(database_directory, "database.groonga")
-          if File.exist?(database_file)
-            Groonga::Database.new(database_file)
-          else
-            Groonga::Database.create(:path => database_file)
-          end
-          self.database_directory = database_directory
+          ResultSet.new(table, self)
         end
       end
 
-      def tables_directory
-        directory = File.join(database_directory, "tables")
-        FileUtils.mkdir_p(directory) unless File.exist?(directory)
-        directory
+      def count
+        table.size
       end
 
-      def columns_directory(table_name)
-        directory = File.join(tables_directory, table_name.to_s, "columns")
-        FileUtils.mkdir_p(directory) unless File.exist?(directory)
-        directory
-      end
-
-      def index_columns_directory(table_name, target_table_name)
-        directory = File.join(columns_directory(table_name), target_table_name)
-        FileUtils.mkdir_p(directory) unless File.exist?(directory)
-        directory
-      end
-
-      def metadata_directory
-        directory = File.join(database_directory, "metadata")
-        FileUtils.mkdir_p(directory) unless File.exist?(directory)
-        directory
-      end
-
-      def count(expression=nil)
-        if expression
-          table.select do |record|
-            expression.call(DynamicRecordExpressionBuilder.new(record))
-          end.size
-        else
-          table.size
-        end
-      end
-
-      private
-      def find_initial(options)
-        options.update(:limit => 1)
-        find_every(options).first
-      end
-
-      def find_every(options)
-        expression = options[:expression]
-        include_associations = merge_includes(scope(:find, :include), options[:include])
-
-        if include_associations.any? && references_eager_loaded_tables?(options)
-          records = find_with_associations(options)
-        else
-          if expression
-            records = table.select do |record|
-              expression.call(DynamicRecordExpressionBuilder.new(record))
-            end
-          else
-            records = table.select
-          end
-          sort_options = {}
-          limit = options[:limit]
-          offset = options[:offset]
-          offset = Integer(offset) unless offset.nil?
-          if limit and offset.nil?
-            sort_options[:limit] = limit
-          end
-          records = records.sort([:key => ".:score", :order => :descending],
-                                 sort_options)
-          if offset
-            in_target = false
-            _records, records = records, []
-            _records.each_with_index do |record, i|
-              break if limit and limit <= records.size
-              in_target = i >= offset unless in_target
-              records << record if in_target
-            end
-          end
-          records = records.collect do |record|
-            instantiate(record, record.key.id, record.table.domain)
-          end
-          if include_associations.any?
-            preload_associations(records, include_associations)
-          end
-        end
-
-        records.each {|record| record.readonly!} if options[:readonly]
-
-        records
+      def context
+        Groonga::Context.default
       end
 
-      def find_from_ids(ids, options)
-        expects_array = ids.first.kind_of?(Array)
-        return ids.first if expects_array && ids.first.empty?
-
-        ids = ids.flatten.compact.uniq
-
-        case ids.size
-        when 0
-          raise RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find #{name} without an ID"
-        when 1
-          result = find_one(ids.first, options)
-          expects_array ? [result] : result
-        else
-          find_some(ids, options)
-        end
+      def encoding=(new_encoding)
+        return if @@encoding == new_encoding
+        @@encoding = new_encoding
+        database_opened = !context.database.nil?
+        Groonga::Context.default = nil
+        Groonga::Context.default_options = {:encoding => @@encoding}
+        database.reopen if database_opened
       end
 
-      def find_one(id, options)
-        if id.is_a?(Groonga::Record)
-          record = id
+      def table_name(name=nil)
+        if name.nil?
+          @table_name ||= model_name.plural
         else
-          if id.is_a?(ActiveGroonga::Base)
-            id = id.id
-          else
-            id = Integer(id)
-          end
-          record = Groonga::Record.new(table, id)
-        end
-        result = instantiate(record)
-        if result.nil?
-          raise RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find #{name} with ID=#{id}"
+          self.table_name = name
         end
-        result
       end
 
-      def find_some(ids, options)
-        result = ids.collect do |id|
-          context[id]
-        end
-        n_not_found_ids = result.count(nil)
-        if n_not_found_ids.zero?
-          result
-        else
-          raise RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find all #{name.pluralize} with IDs (#{ids}) (found #{result.compact.size} results, but was looking for #{ids.size})"
-        end
+      def table_name=(name)
+        @table_name = name
       end
 
-      def merge_includes(first, second)
-        (safe_to_array(first) + safe_to_array(second)).uniq
+      def table
+        @table ||= context[table_name]
       end
 
-      # ugly. derived from Active Record. FIXME: remove it.
-      def safe_to_array(o)
-        case o
-        when NilClass
-          []
-        when Array
-          o
-        else
-          [o]
+      def define_column_accessors
+        attribute_names = table.columns.collect do |column|
+          column.local_name
         end
+        define_attribute_methods(attribute_names)
       end
 
-      VALID_FIND_OPTIONS = [:expression, :readonly, :limit, :offset]
-      def validate_find_options(options)
-        options.assert_valid_keys(VALID_FIND_OPTIONS)
-      end
-
-      def set_readonly_option!(options) #:nodoc:
-        # Inherit :readonly from finder scope if set.  Otherwise,
-        # if :joins is not blank then :readonly defaults to true.
-        unless options.has_key?(:readonly)
-          if scoped_readonly = scope(:find, :readonly)
-            options[:readonly] = scoped_readonly
-          elsif !options[:joins].blank? && !options[:select]
-            options[:readonly] = true
-          end
+      def inspect
+        return super if table.nil?
+        columns_info = table.columns.collect do |column|
+          "#{column.local_name}: #{column.range.name}"
         end
+        "#{name}(#{columns_info.join(', ')})"
       end
 
-      # Guesses the table name, but does not decorate it with prefix and suffix information.
-      def undecorated_table_name(class_name = base_class.name)
-        table_name = class_name.to_s.demodulize.underscore
-        table_name = table_name.pluralize if pluralize_table_names
-        table_name
-      end
-
-      # Finder methods must instantiate through this method to work with the
-      # single-table inheritance model that makes it possible to create
-      # objects of different types from the same table.
-      def instantiate(record, id=nil, table=nil)
-        id ||= record.id
-        table ||= record.table
-
-        subclass_name = nil
-        if record.have_column?(inheritance_column)
-          subclass_name = record[inheritance_column]
-        end
-
-        if subclass_name.blank? or !columns_hash.include?(inheritance_column)
-          object = allocate
-        else
-          begin
-            object = compute_type(subclass_name).allocate
-          rescue NameError
-            raise SubclassNotFound,
-              "The single-table inheritance mechanism failed to locate the subclass: '#{record[inheritance_column]}'. " +
-              "This error is raised because the column '#{inheritance_column}' is reserved for storing the class in case of inheritance. " +
-              "Please rename this column if you didn't intend it to be used for storing the inheritance class " +
-              "or overwrite #{self.to_s}.inheritance_column to use another column for that information."
-          end
-        end
-
-        object.instance_variable_set("@id", id)
-        object.instance_variable_set("@score", record.score)
-        attributes = {}
-        table.columns.each do |column|
-          column_name = column.local_name
-          attributes[column_name] = record[".#{column_name}"]
-        end
-        object.instance_variable_set("@attributes", attributes)
-        object.instance_variable_set("@attributes_cache", Hash.new)
-
-        if object.respond_to_without_attributes?(:after_find)
-          object.send(:callback, :after_find)
+      def instantiate(record)
+        object = new(record)
+        object.instance_variable_set("@id", record.id)
+        if record.support_key?
+          object.instance_variable_set("@key", record.key)
         end
-
-        if object.respond_to_without_attributes?(:after_initialize)
-          object.send(:callback, :after_initialize)
-        end
-
+        object.instance_variable_set("@new_record", false)
         object
       end
 
-      # Enables dynamic finders like <tt>find_by_user_name(user_name)</tt> and <tt>find_by_user_name_and_password(user_name, password)</tt>
-      # that are turned into <tt>find(:first) {|record| record["user_name"] == user_name}</tt> and
-      # <tt>find(:first) {|record| (record["user_name"] ==
-      # user_name) & (record["password"] == password)}</tt> respectively. Also works for
-      # <tt>find(:all)</tt> by using
-      # <tt>find_all_by_amount(50)</tt> that is turned into
-      # <tt>find(:all) {|record| record["amount"] == 50}</tt>.
-      #
-      # It's even possible to use all the additional parameters to +find+. For example, the full interface for +find_all_by_amount+
-      # is actually <tt>find_all_by_amount(amount, options)</tt>.
-      #
-      # Also enables dynamic scopes like scoped_by_user_name(user_name) and scoped_by_user_name_and_password(user_name, password) that
-      # are turned into scoped(:expression => Proc.new {|record| record["user_name"] == user_name}) and scoped(:expression => Proc.new {|record| (record["user_name"] == user_name) & (record["password"] == password)})
-      # respectively.
-      #
-      # Each dynamic finder, scope or initializer/creator is also defined in the class after it is first invoked, so that future
-      # attempts to use it do not run through method_missing.
-      def method_missing(method_id, *arguments, &block)
-        if match = ActiveRecord::DynamicFinderMatch.match(method_id)
-          attribute_names = match.attribute_names
-          super unless all_attributes_exists?(attribute_names)
-          if match.finder?
-            finder = match.finder
-            bang = match.bang?
-            # def self.find_by_login_and_activated(*args)
-            #   options = args.extract_options!
-            #   expression = construct_expression_from_arguments(
-            #     [:login,:activated],
-            #     args
-            #   )
-            #   finder_options = { :expression => expression }
-            #   validate_find_options(options)
-            #   set_readonly_option!(options)
-            #
-            #   if options[:expression]
-            #     with_scope(:find => finder_options) do
-            #       find(:first, options)
-            #     end
-            #   else
-            #     find(:first, options.merge(finder_options))
-            #   end
-            # end
-            self.class_eval <<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__
-              def self.#{method_id}(*args)
-                options = args.extract_options!
-                expression = construct_expression_from_arguments(
-                  [:#{attribute_names.join(',:')}],
-                  args
-                )
-                finder_options = {:expression => expression}
-                validate_find_options(options)
-                set_readonly_option!(options)
-
-                #{'result = ' if bang}if options[:expression]
-                  with_scope(:find => finder_options) do
-                    find(:#{finder}, options)
-                  end
-                else
-                  find(:#{finder}, options.merge(finder_options))
-                end
-                #{'result || raise(RecordNotFound, "Couldn\'t find #{name} with #{attributes.to_a.collect {|pair| "#{pair.first} = #{pair.second}"}.join(\', \')}")' if bang}
-              end
-            EOC
-            send(method_id, *arguments)
-          elsif match.instantiator?
-            instantiator = match.instantiator
-            # def self.find_or_create_by_user_id(*args)
-            #   guard_protected_attributes = false
-            #
-            #   if args[0].is_a?(Hash)
-            #     guard_protected_attributes = true
-            #     attributes = args[0].with_indifferent_access
-            #     find_expression = attributes.slice(*[:user_id])
-            #   else
-            #     attributes = construct_attributes_from_arguments([:user_id], args)
-            #     find_expression = construct_expression_from_arguments([:user_id], args)
-            #   end
-            #
-            #   options = { :expression => find_expression }
-            #   set_readonly_option!(options)
-            #
-            #   record = find(:first, options)
-            #
-            #   if record.nil?
-            #     record = self.new { |r| r.send(:attributes=, attributes, guard_protected_attributes) }
-            #     yield(record) if block_given?
-            #     record.save
-            #     record
-            #   else
-            #     record
-            #   end
-            # end
-            self.class_eval <<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__
-              def self.#{method_id}(*args)
-                guard_protected_attributes = false
-
-                if args[0].is_a?(Hash)
-                  guard_protected_attributes = true
-                  attributes = args[0].with_indifferent_access
-                  find_attributes = attributes.slice(*[:#{attribute_names.join(',:')}])
-                else
-                  find_attributes = attributes = construct_attributes_from_arguments([:#{attribute_names.join(',:')}], args)
-                end
-
-                find_expression = construct_expression_from_attributes(find_attributes)
-                options = { :expression => find_expression }
-                set_readonly_option!(options)
-
-                record = find(:first, options)
-
-                if record.nil?
-                  record = self.new { |r| r.send(:attributes=, attributes, guard_protected_attributes) }
-                  #{'yield(record) if block_given?'}
-                  #{'record.save' if instantiator == :create}
-                  record
-                else
-                  record
-                end
-              end
-            EOC
-            send(method_id, *arguments, &block)
+      def define_method_attribute(name)
+        generated_attribute_methods.module_eval do
+          define_method(name) do
+            read_attribute(name)
           end
-        elsif match = ActiveRecord::DynamicScopeMatch.match(method_id)
-          attribute_names = match.attribute_names
-          super unless all_attributes_exists?(attribute_names)
-          if match.scope?
-            self.class_eval <<-EOC, __FILE__, __LINE__
-              def self.#{method_id}(*args)                        # def self.scoped_by_user_name_and_password(*args)
-                options = args.extract_options!                   #   options = args.extract_options!
-                expression = construct_expression_from_arguments( #   expression = construct_expression_from_arguments(
-                  [:#{attribute_names.join(',:')}], args          #     [:user_name, :password], args
-                )                                                 #   )
-                                                                  # 
-                scoped(:expression => expression)                 #   scoped(:expression => expression)
-              end                                                 # end
-            EOC
-            send(method_id, *arguments)
-          end
-        else
-          super
         end
       end
 
-      def construct_attributes_from_arguments(attribute_names, arguments)
-        attributes = {}
-        attribute_names.each_with_index do |name, i|
-          attributes[name] = arguments[i]
-        end
-        attributes
-      end
-
-      def construct_expression_from_attributes(attributes)
-        Proc.new do |record|
-          builder = nil
-          attributes.each do |name, value|
-            expression = (record[name] == value)
-            if builder
-              builder = builder & expression
-            else
-              builder = expression
-            end
-          end
-          builder
-        end
-      end
-
-      def construct_expression_from_arguments(attribute_names, arguments)
-        Proc.new do |record|
-          builder = nil
-          attribute_names.each_with_index do |name, i|
-            expression = (record[name] == arguments[i])
-            if builder
-              builder = builder & expression
-            else
-              builder = expression
-            end
-          end
-          builder
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Similar in purpose to +expand_hash_expression_for_aggregates+.
-      def expand_attribute_names_for_aggregates(attribute_names)
-        expanded_attribute_names = []
-        attribute_names.each do |attribute_name|
-          unless (aggregation = reflect_on_aggregation(attribute_name.to_sym)).nil?
-            aggregate_mapping(aggregation).each do |field_attr, aggregate_attr|
-              expanded_attribute_names << field_attr
-            end
-          else
-            expanded_attribute_names << attribute_name
+      def define_method_attribute=(name)
+        generated_attribute_methods.module_eval do
+          define_method("#{name}=") do |new_value|
+            write_attribute(name, new_value)
           end
         end
-        expanded_attribute_names
-      end
-
-      def all_attributes_exists?(attribute_names)
-        attribute_names = expand_attribute_names_for_aggregates(attribute_names)
-        attribute_names.all? { |name| column_methods_hash.include?(name.to_sym) }
       end
 
-      # Nest the type name in the same module as this class.
-      # Bar is "MyApp::Business::Bar" relative to MyApp::Business::Foo
-      def type_name_with_module(type_name)
-        if store_full_sti_class
-          type_name
-        else
-          (/^::/ =~ type_name) ? type_name : "#{parent.name}::#{type_name}"
-        end
+      def database_path=(path)
+        path = Pathname(path) if path.is_a?(String)
+        @@database_path = path
+        @@database = nil
       end
 
-      # Test whether the given method and optional key are scoped.
-      def scoped?(method, key = nil) #:nodoc:
-        if current_scoped_methods && (scope = current_scoped_methods[method])
-          !key || !scope[key].nil?
-        end
+      def reference_class(column_name, klass)
+        @reference_mapping ||= {}
+        column_name = column_name.to_s
+        @reference_mapping[column_name] = klass
       end
 
-      # Retrieve the scope for the given method and optional key.
-      def scope(method, key = nil) #:nodoc:
-        if current_scoped_methods && (scope = current_scoped_methods[method])
-          key ? scope[key] : scope
-        end
+      def custom_reference_class(column_name)
+        @reference_mapping ||= {}
+        column_name = column_name.to_s
+        @reference_mapping[column_name]
       end
 
-      def scoped_methods #:nodoc:
-        Thread.current[:"#{self}_scoped_methods"] ||= default_scoping.dup
+      def i18n_scope
+        :activegroonga
       end
 
-      def current_scoped_methods #:nodoc:
-        scoped_methods.last
-      end
-
-      # Returns the class type of the record using the current module as a prefix. So descendants of
-      # MyApp::Business::Account would appear as MyApp::Business::AccountSubclass.
-      def compute_type(type_name)
-        modularized_name = type_name_with_module(type_name)
-        silence_warnings do
-          begin
-            class_eval(modularized_name, __FILE__, __LINE__)
-          rescue NameError
-            class_eval(type_name, __FILE__, __LINE__)
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Returns the class descending directly from ActiveGroonga::Base or an
-      # abstract class, if any, in the inheritance hierarchy.
-      def class_of_active_groonga_descendant(klass)
-        if klass.superclass == Base || klass.superclass.abstract_class?
-          klass
-        elsif klass.superclass.nil?
-          raise ActiveGroongaError, "#{name} doesn't belong in a hierarchy descending from ActiveRecord"
-        else
-          class_of_active_record_descendant(klass.superclass)
-        end
+      protected
+      def instance_method_already_implemented?(method_name)
+        super(method_name)
       end
     end
 
-    def initialize(attributes=nil)
+    def initialize(record_or_attributes=nil)
+      self.class.define_column_accessors
       @id = nil
-      @score = nil
-      @attributes = attributes_from_column_definition
-      @attributes_cache = {}
+      @key = nil
       @new_record = true
-      ensure_proper_type
-      self.attributes = attributes unless attributes.nil?
-      self.class.send(:scope, :create).each { |att,value| self.send("#{att}=", value) } if self.class.send(:scoped?, :create)
-      result = yield self if block_given?
-      callback(:after_initialize) if respond_to_without_attributes?(:after_initialize)
-      result
-    end
-
-    # A model instance's primary key is always available as model.id
-    # whether you name it the default 'id' or set it to something else.
-    def id
-      @id
-    end
-
-    def score
-      @score
-    end
-
-    # Returns a String, which Action Pack uses for constructing an URL to this
-    # object. The default implementation returns this record's id as a String,
-    # or nil if this record's unsaved.
-    #
-    # For example, suppose that you have a User model, and that you have a
-    # <tt>map.resources :users</tt> route. Normally, +user_path+ will
-    # construct a path with the user object's 'id' in it:
-    #
-    #   user = User.find_by_name('Phusion')
-    #   user_path(user)  # => "/users/1"
-    #
-    # You can override +to_param+ in your model to make +user_path+ construct
-    # a path using the user's name instead of the user's id:
-    #
-    #   class User < ActiveRecord::Base
-    #     def to_param  # overridden
-    #       name
-    #     end
-    #   end
-    #   
-    #   user = User.find_by_name('Phusion')
-    #   user_path(user)  # => "/users/Phusion"
-    def to_param
-      # We can't use alias_method here, because method 'id' optimizes itself on the fly.
-      (id = self.id) ? id.to_s : nil # Be sure to stringify the id for routes
-    end
-
-    # Sets the primary ID.
-    def id=(value)
-      @id = value
-    end
-
-    # Returns true if this object hasn't been saved yet -- that is, a record for the object doesn't exist yet; otherwise, returns false.
-    def new_record?
-      @new_record || false
-    end
-
-    # :call-seq:
-    #   save(perform_validation = true)
-    #
-    # Saves the model.
-    #
-    # If the model is new a record gets created in the database, otherwise
-    # the existing record gets updated.
-    #
-    # If +perform_validation+ is true validations run. If any of them fail
-    # the action is cancelled and +save+ returns +false+. If the flag is
-    # false validations are bypassed altogether. See
-    # ActiveRecord::Validations for more information.
-    #
-    # There's a series of callbacks associated with +save+. If any of the
-    # <tt>before_*</tt> callbacks return +false+ the action is cancelled and
-    # +save+ returns +false+. See ActiveRecord::Callbacks for further
-    # details.
-    def save
-      create_or_update
-    end
-
-    # Saves the model.
-    #
-    # If the model is new a record gets created in the database, otherwise
-    # the existing record gets updated.
-    #
-    # With <tt>save!</tt> validations always run. If any of them fail
-    # ActiveGroonga::RecordInvalid gets raised. See ActiveRecord::Validations
-    # for more information.
-    #
-    # There's a series of callbacks associated with <tt>save!</tt>. If any of
-    # the <tt>before_*</tt> callbacks return +false+ the action is cancelled
-    # and <tt>save!</tt> raises ActiveGroonga::RecordNotSaved. See
-    # ActiveRecord::Callbacks for further details.
-    def save!
-      create_or_update || raise(RecordNotSaved)
-    end
-
-    # Deletes the record in the database and freezes this instance to
-    # reflect that no changes should be made (since they can't be
-    # persisted). Returns the frozen instance.
-    #
-    # The row is simply removed with a SQL +DELETE+ statement on the
-    # record's primary key, and no callbacks are executed.
-    #
-    # To enforce the object's +before_destroy+ and +after_destroy+
-    # callbacks, Observer methods, or any <tt>:dependent</tt> association
-    # options, use <tt>#destroy</tt>.
-    def delete
-      self.class.delete(id) unless new_record?
-      freeze
-    end
-
-    # Deletes the record in the database and freezes this instance to reflect that no changes should
-    # be made (since they can't be persisted).
-    def destroy
-      self.class.table.delete(id) unless new_record?
-      freeze
-    end
-
-    # Updates a single attribute and saves the record without going through the normal validation procedure.
-    # This is especially useful for boolean flags on existing records. The regular +update_attribute+ method
-    # in Base is replaced with this when the validations module is mixed in, which it is by default.
-    def update_attribute(name, value)
-      send(name.to_s + '=', value)
-      save(false)
-    end
-
-    # Updates all the attributes from the passed-in Hash and saves the record. If the object is invalid, the saving will
-    # fail and false will be returned.
-    def update_attributes(attributes)
-      self.attributes = attributes
-      save
-    end
-
-    # Updates an object just like Base.update_attributes but calls save! instead of save so an exception is raised if the record is invalid.
-    def update_attributes!(attributes)
-      self.attributes = attributes
-      save!
-    end
-
-    # Reloads the attributes of this object from the database.
-    # The optional options argument is passed to find when reloading so you
-    # may do e.g. record.reload(:lock => true) to reload the same record with
-    # an exclusive row lock.
-    def reload(options = nil)
-      clear_aggregation_cache
-      clear_association_cache
-      @attributes.update(self.class.find(self.id, options).instance_variable_get('@attributes'))
+      @destroyed = false
+      @attributes = initial_attributes
       @attributes_cache = {}
-      self
-    end
-
-    # Returns the value of the attribute identified by <tt>attr_name</tt> after it has been typecast (for example,
-    # "2004-12-12" in a data column is cast to a date object, like Date.new(2004, 12, 12)).
-    # (Alias for the protected read_attribute method).
-    def [](attr_name)
-      read_attribute(attr_name)
+      if record_or_attributes.is_a?(Groonga::Record)
+        reload_attributes(record_or_attributes)
+      else
+        reload_attributes
+        self.attributes = (record_or_attributes || {})
+      end
     end
 
-    # Updates the attribute identified by <tt>attr_name</tt> with the specified +value+.
-    # (Alias for the protected write_attribute method).
-    def []=(attr_name, value)
-      write_attribute(attr_name, value)
+    def have_column?(name)
+      table.have_column?(name)
     end
 
-    # Allows you to set all the attributes at once by passing in a hash with keys
-    # matching the attribute names (which again matches the column names).
-    #
-    # If +guard_protected_attributes+ is true (the default), then sensitive
-    # attributes can be protected from this form of mass-assignment by using
-    # the +attr_protected+ macro. Or you can alternatively specify which
-    # attributes *can* be accessed with the +attr_accessible+ macro. Then all the
-    # attributes not included in that won't be allowed to be mass-assigned.
-    #
-    #   class User < ActiveGroonga::Base
-    #     attr_protected :is_admin
-    #   end
-    #   
-    #   user = User.new
-    #   user.attributes = { :username => 'Phusion', :is_admin => true }
-    #   user.username   # => "Phusion"
-    #   user.is_admin?  # => false
-    #   
-    #   user.send(:attributes=, { :username => 'Phusion', :is_admin => true }, false)
-    #   user.is_admin?  # => true
-    def attributes=(new_attributes, guard_protected_attributes = true)
-      return if new_attributes.nil?
-      attributes = new_attributes.dup
-      attributes.stringify_keys!
-
-      multi_parameter_attributes = []
-      attributes = remove_attributes_protected_from_mass_assignment(attributes) if guard_protected_attributes
-
-      attributes.each do |k, v|
-        if k.include?("(")
-          multi_parameter_attributes << [ k, v ]
-        else
-          respond_to?(:"#{k}=") ? send(:"#{k}=", v) : raise(UnknownAttributeError, "unknown attribute: #{k}")
-        end
-      end
-
-      assign_multiparameter_attributes(multi_parameter_attributes)
+    def id
+      @id
     end
 
-    # Returns a hash of all the attributes with their names as keys and the values of the attributes as values.
-    def attributes
-      self.attribute_names.inject({}) do |attrs, name|
-        attrs[name] = read_attribute(name)
-        attrs
-      end
+    def key
+      @key
     end
 
-    # Returns a hash of attributes before typecasting and deserialization.
-    def attributes_before_type_cast
-      self.attribute_names.inject({}) do |attrs, name|
-        attrs[name] = read_attribute_before_type_cast(name)
-        attrs
-      end
+    def key=(key)
+      raise NoKeyTableError.new(table) unless table.support_key?
+      raise KeyOverrideError.new(table, key) unless new_record?
+      @key = key
     end
 
-    # Returns an <tt>#inspect</tt>-like string for the value of the
-    # attribute +attr_name+. String attributes are elided after 50
-    # characters, and Date and Time attributes are returned in the
-    # <tt>:db</tt> format. Other attributes return the value of
-    # <tt>#inspect</tt> without modification.
-    #
-    #   person = Person.create!(:name => "David Heinemeier Hansson " * 3)
-    #
-    #   person.attribute_for_inspect(:name)
-    #   # => '"David Heinemeier Hansson David Heinemeier Hansson D..."'
-    #
-    #   person.attribute_for_inspect(:created_at)
-    #   # => '"2009-01-12 04:48:57"'
-    def attribute_for_inspect(attr_name)
-      value = read_attribute(attr_name)
-
-      if value.is_a?(String) && value.length > 50
-        "#{value[0..50]}...".inspect
-      elsif value.is_a?(Date) || value.is_a?(Time)
-        %("#{value.to_s(:db)}")
+    def record_id
+      if table.support_key?
+        key
       else
-        value.inspect
+        id
       end
     end
 
-    # Returns true if the specified +attribute+ has been set by the user or by a database load and is neither
-    # nil nor empty? (the latter only applies to objects that respond to empty?, most notably Strings).
-    def attribute_present?(attribute)
-      value = read_attribute(attribute)
-      !value.blank?
-    end
-
-    # Returns true if the given attribute is in the attributes hash
-    def has_attribute?(attr_name)
-      @attributes.has_key?(attr_name.to_s)
-    end
-
-    # Returns an array of names for the attributes available on this object sorted alphabetically.
-    def attribute_names
-      @attributes.keys.sort
+    def record_raw_id
+      id
     end
 
-    # Returns the column object for the named attribute.
-    def column_for_attribute(name)
-      self.class.columns_hash[name.to_s]
+    def attributes
+      @attributes
     end
 
-    # Returns true if the +comparison_object+ is the same object, or is of the same type and has the same id.
-    def ==(comparison_object)
-      comparison_object.equal?(self) ||
-        (comparison_object.instance_of?(self.class) &&
-         comparison_object.id == id &&
-         !comparison_object.new_record?)
+    def attributes=(attributes)
+      attributes.each do |key, value|
+        send("#{key}=", value)
+      end
     end
 
-    # Delegates to ==
-    def eql?(comparison_object)
-      self == (comparison_object)
+    def ==(other)
+      other.is_a?(self.class) and other.id == id
     end
 
-    # Delegates to id in order to allow two records of the same type and id to work with something like:
-    #   [ Person.find(1), Person.find(2), Person.find(3) ] & [ Person.find(1), Person.find(4) ] # => [ Person.find(1) ]
     def hash
       id.hash
     end
 
-    # Freeze the attributes hash such that associations are still accessible, even on destroyed records.
-    def freeze
-      @attributes.freeze; self
+    def read_attribute(name)
+      @attributes[name]
     end
 
-    # Returns +true+ if the attributes hash has been frozen.
-    def frozen?
-      @attributes.frozen?
+    def write_attribute(name, value)
+      @attributes[name] = value
     end
 
-    # Returns +true+ if the record is read only. Records loaded through joins with piggy-back
-    # attributes will be marked as read only since they cannot be saved.
-    def readonly?
-      defined?(@readonly) && @readonly == true
-    end
-
-    # Marks this record as read only.
-    def readonly!
-      @readonly = true
-    end
-
-    # Returns the contents of the record as a nicely formatted string.
     def inspect
-      attributes_as_nice_string = self.class.column_names.collect { |name|
-        if has_attribute?(name) || new_record?
-          "#{name}: #{attribute_for_inspect(name)}"
-        end
-      }.compact.join(", ")
-      "#<#{self.class} #{attributes_as_nice_string}>"
-    end
-
-    private
-    def create_or_update
-      raise ReadOnlyRecord if readonly?
-      result = new_record? ? create : update
-      result != false
-    end
-
-    # Updates the associated record with values matching those of the instance attributes.
-    # Returns the number of affected rows.
-    def update(attribute_names=@attributes.keys)
-      attribute_names = remove_readonly_attributes(attribute_names)
-      table = self.class.table
-      quoted_attributes = attributes_with_quotes(false, attribute_names)
-      quoted_attributes.each do |name, value|
-        column = table.column(name)
-        next if column.nil?
-        column[id] = value
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Creates a record with values matching those of the instance attributes
-    # and returns its id.
-    def create
-      table = self.class.table
-      record = table.add
-      quoted_attributes = attributes_with_quotes
-      quoted_attributes.each do |name, value|
-        record[name] = value
-      end
-      self.id = record.id
-      @new_record = false
-      id
-    end
-
-    # Sets the attribute used for single table inheritance to this class name if this is not the ActiveRecord::Base descendant.
-    # Considering the hierarchy Reply < Message < ActiveRecord::Base, this makes it possible to do Reply.new without having to
-    # set <tt>Reply[Reply.inheritance_column] = "Reply"</tt> yourself. No such attribute would be set for objects of the
-    # Message class in that example.
-    def ensure_proper_type
-      unless self.class.descends_from_active_groonga?
-        write_attribute(self.class.inheritance_column, self.class.sti_name)
-      end
-    end
-
-    def convert_number_column_value(value)
-      if value == false
-        0
-      elsif value == true
-        1
-      elsif value.is_a?(String) && value.blank?
-        nil
+      inspected_attributes = []
+      if table.support_key?
+        inspected_attributes << "key: #{key}"
       else
-        value
+        inspected_attributes << "id: #{id}"
       end
-    end
-
-    def remove_attributes_protected_from_mass_assignment(attributes)
-      safe_attributes =
-        if self.class.accessible_attributes.nil? && self.class.protected_attributes.nil?
-          attributes.reject { |key, value| attributes_protected_by_default.include?(key.gsub(/\(.+/, "")) }
-        elsif self.class.protected_attributes.nil?
-          attributes.reject { |key, value| !self.class.accessible_attributes.include?(key.gsub(/\(.+/, "")) || attributes_protected_by_default.include?(key.gsub(/\(.+/, "")) }
-        elsif self.class.accessible_attributes.nil?
-          attributes.reject { |key, value| self.class.protected_attributes.include?(key.gsub(/\(.+/,"")) || attributes_protected_by_default.include?(key.gsub(/\(.+/, "")) }
-        else
-          raise "Declare either attr_protected or attr_accessible for #{self.class}, but not both."
-        end
-
-      removed_attributes = attributes.keys - safe_attributes.keys
-
-      if removed_attributes.any?
-        log_protected_attribute_removal(removed_attributes)
-      end
-
-      safe_attributes
-    end
-
-    # Removes attributes which have been marked as readonly.
-    def remove_readonly_attributes(attributes)
-      unless self.class.readonly_attributes.nil?
-        attributes.delete_if { |key, value| self.class.readonly_attributes.include?(key.gsub(/\(.+/,"")) }
-      else
-        attributes
-      end
-    end
-
-    def log_protected_attribute_removal(*attributes)
-      logger.debug "WARNING: Can't mass-assign these protected attributes: #{attributes.join(', ')}"
-    end
-
-    # The primary key and inheritance column can never be set by mass-assignment for security reasons.
-    def attributes_protected_by_default
-      default = [ self.class.primary_key, self.class.inheritance_column ]
-      default << 'id' unless self.class.primary_key.eql? 'id'
-      default
-    end
-
-    # Initializes the attributes array with keys matching the columns from the linked table and
-    # the values matching the corresponding default value of that column, so
-    # that a new instance, or one populated from a passed-in Hash, still has all the attributes
-    # that instances loaded from the database would.
-    def attributes_from_column_definition
-      self.class.columns.inject({}) do |attributes, column|
-        attributes[column.name] = column.default
-        attributes
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Instantiates objects for all attribute classes that needs more than one constructor parameter. This is done
-    # by calling new on the column type or aggregation type (through composed_of) object with these parameters.
-    # So having the pairs written_on(1) = "2004", written_on(2) = "6", written_on(3) = "24", will instantiate
-    # written_on (a date type) with Date.new("2004", "6", "24"). You can also specify a typecast character in the
-    # parentheses to have the parameters typecasted before they're used in the constructor. Use i for Fixnum, f for Float,
-    # s for String, and a for Array. If all the values for a given attribute are empty, the attribute will be set to nil.
-    def assign_multiparameter_attributes(pairs)
-      execute_callstack_for_multiparameter_attributes(
-        extract_callstack_for_multiparameter_attributes(pairs)
-      )
-    end
-
-    def execute_callstack_for_multiparameter_attributes(callstack)
-      errors = []
-      callstack.each do |name, values|
-        klass = (self.class.reflect_on_aggregation(name.to_sym) || column_for_attribute(name)).klass
-        if values.empty?
-          send(name + "=", nil)
-        else
-          begin
-            value = if Time == klass
-              instantiate_time_object(name, values)
-            elsif Date == klass
-              begin
-                Date.new(*values)
-              rescue ArgumentError => ex # if Date.new raises an exception on an invalid date
-                instantiate_time_object(name, values).to_date # we instantiate Time object and convert it back to a date thus using Time's logic in handling invalid dates
-              end
-            else
-              klass.new(*values)
-            end
-
-            send(name + "=", value)
-          rescue => ex
-            errors << AttributeAssignmentError.new("error on assignment #{values.inspect} to #{name}", ex, name)
-          end
-        end
-      end
-      unless errors.empty?
-        raise MultiparameterAssignmentErrors.new(errors), "#{errors.size} error(s) on assignment of multiparameter attributes"
-      end
-    end
-
-    def extract_callstack_for_multiparameter_attributes(pairs)
-      attributes = { }
-
-      for pair in pairs
-        multiparameter_name, value = pair
-        attribute_name = multiparameter_name.split("(").first
-        attributes[attribute_name] = [] unless attributes.include?(attribute_name)
-
-        unless value.empty?
-          attributes[attribute_name] <<
-            [ find_parameter_position(multiparameter_name), type_cast_attribute_value(multiparameter_name, value) ]
-        end
+      @attributes.each do |key, value|
+        inspected_attributes << "#{key}: #{value.inspect}"
       end
-
-      attributes.each { |name, values| attributes[name] = values.sort_by{ |v| v.first }.collect { |v| v.last } }
+      "\#<#{self.class.name} #{inspected_attributes.join(', ')}>"
     end
 
-    # Returns a copy of the attributes hash where all the values have been safely quoted for use in
-    # an SQL statement.
-    def attributes_with_quotes(include_readonly_attributes=true, attribute_names=@attributes.keys)
-      quoted = {}
-      attribute_names.each do |name|
-        column = column_for_attribute(name)
-        next if column.nil? or column.id?
-
-        value = read_attribute(name)
-        # We need explicit to_yaml because quote() does not properly convert Time/Date fields to YAML.
-        if value && self.class.serialized_attributes.has_key?(name) && (value.acts_like?(:date) || value.acts_like?(:time))
-          value = value.to_yaml
-        end
-        quoted[name] = column.quote(value)
-      end
-      include_readonly_attributes ? quoted : remove_readonly_attributes(quoted)
+    def table
+      @table ||= self.class.table
     end
 
-    # Quote strings appropriately for SQL statements.
-    def quote_value(value, column=nil)
-      if column
-        column.quote(value)
-      else
-        value
-      end
+    private
+    def attribute(name)
+      read_attribute(name)
     end
 
-    def clone_attribute_value(reader_method, attribute_name)
-      value = send(reader_method, attribute_name)
-      value.duplicable? ? value.clone : value
-    rescue TypeError, NoMethodError
-      value
+    def attribute=(name, value)
+      write_attribute(name, value)
     end
 
+    include Persistence
     include Validations
-    include AttributeMethods
-    include Dirty
-    include Callbacks, Observing, Timestamp
-    include Associations
-    include Aggregations, Reflection
+    include Callbacks
   end
 end
+
+ActiveSupport.run_load_hooks(:active_groonga, ActiveGroonga::Base)